Mixing at Cross Junctions in Water Distribution Systems. II: Experimental Study
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VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 134, Issue 3
Abstract
The present experimental study focuses on the characterization of complex mixing phenomena at pipe intersections within pressurized water distribution networks. To examine the complete mixing assumption at a cross junction, a series of experiments were conducted in the turbulent regime . The experimental setup consists of a cross junction with various sensors, pumps, and a data acquisition system to accurately measure solute concentration. Selected experimental results are compared to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. In addition, the water quality model associated with a standard water distribution network simulator (EPANET) was reevaluated based on CFD and experimental data. Corrections based on experimental results are incorporated into EPANET (AZRED 1.0) for use in a case study. The study concludes that the complete mixing assumption can potentially create considerable errors in water quality modeling. Further, severe errors are likely to occur in systems with many cross type junctions due to bifurcation of the incoming flows.
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Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Homeland Security (under Grant No. UNSPECIFIED613383D to the University of Arizona). Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. DOEDE-AC04-94AL85000. We would like to acknowledge additional graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Arizona, namely, Susan O’Shaughnessy, Jerry Shen, and Levi Johnson who have contributed their valuable time and efforts to the present work.
References
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Romero-Gomez, P., Ho, C. K., and Choi, C. Y. (2008). “Mixing at cross junctions in water distribution systems. I: Numerical study.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 134(3), 285–294.
Romero-Gomez, P., Choi, C. Y., van Bloemen Waanders, B., and McKenna, S. A. (2006). “Transport phenomena at intersections of pressurized pipe systems.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
van Bloemen Waanders, B., Hammond, G., Shadid, J., Collis, S., and Murray, R. (2005). “A comparison of Navier-Stokes and network models to predict chemical transport in municipal water distribution systems.” Proc., World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Anchorage, Alaska.
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© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 31, 2007
Accepted: Jun 15, 2007
Published online: May 1, 2008
Published in print: May 2008
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