Measuring and Modeling Chlorine Propagation in Water Distribution Systems
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 120, Issue 6
Abstract
Until recently most emphasis on implementing Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments (SDWAA) has been focused on drinking water as it leaves the treatment plant. However, the SDWAA has been interpreted as requiring that its MCLs must be met at the consumer's tap. This interpretation has forced consideration of the drinking‐water distribution system when measuring and monitoring contaminants for SDWAA compliance. It is increasingly apparent that water quality can undergo significant deterioration between the treatment plant and the consumer's tap. A field study conducted in conjunction with the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority using a contaminant propagation model demonstrated long residence times in one of its service areas, which suggested potential difficulties in maintaining chlorine residuals throughout the system. A follow‐up study verified that maintaining residuals is difficult and demonstrated that a simple first‐order decay model associated with modeling chlorine residuals is inadequate.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Clark, R. M., and Coyle, J. A. (1990). “Measuring and modeling variations in distribution system water quality.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82(Aug.), 46.
2.
Clark, R. M., Grayman, W. M., Goodrich, J. A., Deininger, R. A., and Hess, A. F. (1991). “Field‐testing distribution water quality models.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(Jul.), 61–75.
3.
Clark, R. M., and Feige, W. A. (1993). “Meeting the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act.” Strategies and technologies for meeting SDWA requirements, R. M. Clark and R. S. Summers, eds., Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa., 1–46.
4.
Clark, R. M., Goodrich, J. A., and Wymer, L. J. (1993a). “Effect of the distribution system on drinking water quality.” J. Water SRT. Aqua, 42(1), 30–38.
5.
Clark, R. M., Grayman, W. M., Males, R. M., and Hess, A. F. (1993b). “Modeling contaminant propagation in drinking water distribution systems.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 119(2), 349–364.
6.
Distribution system requirements for fire protection; AWWA manual M31. (1989). 1st Ed., American Water Works Association (AWWA), Denver, Colo.
7.
Geldreich, E. E., Nash, H. D., Reasoner, D. J., and Taylor, R. H. (1972). “The necessity of controlling bacterial populations in potable water: community water supply.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 64, 596–602.
8.
Gessler, J., and Walski, T. M. (1985). “Water distribution system optimization.” TREL‐85‐11, WES, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
9.
Grayman, W. M., and Clark, R. M. (1993). “Using computer models to determine the effect of storage on water quality.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 85(7), 78–88.
10.
Grayman, W. M., Clark, R. M., and Males, R. M. (1988). “Modeling distribution system water quality: dynamic approach.” J. of Water Resour. Plng. and Mgmt., ASCE, 114(3).
11.
Kennedy, M. S., Moegling, S., Sarikelli, S., and Suravallpe, K. (1993). “Assessing the effects of storage tank design.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 85(7), 78–88.
12.
LeChevallier, M. W., Babcock, T. M., and Lee, R. G. (1987). “Examination and characterization of distribution system biofilms.” Appl. and Envir. Microbiology, Vol. 53, 2714–2724.
13.
Maul, A., El‐Shaarawi, A. H., and Block, J. C. (1985a). “Heterotrophic bacteria in water distribution systems. I: Spatial and temporal variation.” The Sci. of the Total Envir., Vol. 44, 201–214.
14.
Maul, A., El‐Shaarawi, A. H., and Block, J. C. (1985b). “Heterotrophic bacteria in water distribution systems. II: Sampling design for monitoring.” The Sci. of the Total Envir., Vol. 44, 215–224.
15.
Rossman, L. A., Clark, R. M., and Grayman, W. M. (1994). “Modeling chlorine residuals in drinking‐water distribution systems.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 120(4), 803–820.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 15, 1992
Published online: Nov 1, 1994
Published in print: Nov 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.