New Layer-Moduli Back-Calculation Method Based on the Constrained Extended Kalman Filter
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 1
Abstract
In pavement engineering, good estimation of layer moduli from nondestructive methods is an important tool for scheduling and designing rehabilitation projects. The falling weight deflectometer test is perhaps the most commonly used nondestructive method for the evaluation of the structural performance of pavement systems. These measurements are then used to back-calculate the properties of the layered pavement materials. A new method based on constrained extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed for back-calculating layer moduli. The method uses a transformation to constrain the “searchable” domain for determining the optimal estimates of material parameters and a weighted iteration algorithm that enhances the speed and convergence of the iterative procedure. In numerical examples, the proposed method converges to the actual layer moduli with high accuracy for three-, four-, and five-layer pavement systems even though very different initial values are used. The paper also compares the performance of EKF with other methods published in the literatures. The proposed method shows excellent performance in terms of speed and stability while providing highly accurate estimates of material properties including cases in which nonlinear layers were considered. It is concluded that the constrained EKF is a fast, stable, and consistent algorithm used in back-calculation of layer moduli.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ahlborn, G. (1972). ELSYM5, computer program for determining stresses and deformations in five layered systems, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Anderson, B. D. O., and Moore, J. B. (2005). Optimal filtering, Dover, New York.
Brown, S. F. (1997). “Achievements and challenges in asphalt pavement engineering.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Asphalt Pavements, ISAP, Seattle.
Carmichael, D. G. (1980). “Identification of cyclic material constitutive relationship.” Proc., 7th Australian Conf. on Mech. of Structures and Materials, Univ. of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Chou, Y. J., and Lytton, R. L. (1991). “Accuracy and consistency of backcalculated pavement layer moduli.” Transportation Research Record. 1022, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1–7.
Fwa, T. F., and Rani, T. S. (2005). “Seed modulus generation algorithm for backcalculation of flexible pavement moduli.” Transportation Research Record. 1905, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 117–127.
Fwa, T. F., Tan, C. Y., and Chan, W. T. (1997). “Backcalculation analysis of pavement-layer moduli using genetic algorithms.” Transportation Research Record. 1570, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 134–142.
Grewal, M. S., and Andrews, A. P. (2001). Kalman filtering: Theory and practice using MATLAB, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
Harichandran, R. S., Mohamood, T., Raab, A. R., and Baladi, G. Y. (1993). “Modified Newton algorithm for backcalculation of pavement layer properties.” Transportation Research Record. 1384, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 15–22.
Hoshiya, M., and Saito, E. (1984). “Structural identification by extended Kalman filter.” J. Eng. Mech., 110(12), 1757–1770.
Hoshiya, M., and Sutoh, A. (1993). “Kalman filter—Finite element method in identification.” J. Eng. Mech., 119(2), 197–210.
Kalman, R. E. (1960). “New approach to linear filtering and prediction problems.” J. Basic Eng., 82(1), 35–45.
Lin, J.-S., and Zhang, Y. (1994). “Nonlinear structural identification using extended Kalman filter.” Comput. Struct., 52(4), 757–764.
Loh, C. -H., and Chung, S. -T. (1993). “A three-stage identification approach for hysteretic systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 22(2), 129–150.
Murakami, A., and Hasegawa, T. (1985). “Observational prediction of settlement using Kalman filter theory.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomech., 1637–1643.
Scullion, T., Uzan, J., Nazarian, S., and Briggs, B. (2000). “Future directions in characterizing strength and deformation properties of pavement layers.” Proc., Transportation Research Board Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Sivaneswaran, N., Kramer, S. L., and Mahoney, J. P. (1991). “Advanced backcalculation using a nonlinear least squares optimization technique.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1293, 93–102.
Tayabji, S. D., et al. (2000). “Pavement rehabilitation.” Proc., Transportation Research Board Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Thompson, M. R. (1982). ILLI-PAVE, users' manual, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
Ullidtz, P. (1999). “Will nonlinear backcalculation help?” ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1375(3), 14–22.
Uzan, J. (1994). “Advanced backcalculation techniques.” ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1198(2), 3–37.
Yang, Y., and Ma, F. (2003). “Constrained Kalman filter for nonlinear structural identification.” J. Vib. Control, 9(12), 1343–1357.
Yun, C. B., and Shinozuka, M. (1980). “Identification of nonlinear structure dynamic systems.” J. Struct. Mech., 8(2), 187–203.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Jul 10, 2007
Accepted: Jul 8, 2009
Published online: Dec 15, 2009
Published in print: Jan 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.