Multifrequency Back-Calculation of Pavement-Layer Moduli
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 124, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper introduces a frequency-domain back-calculation program, BKGREEN, that can be used to determine the elastic modulus for each pavement layer. The pavement is modeled as a layered elastic system resting over a rigid bedrock or a half-space in terms of dynamic Green flexibility influence functions. A nonlinear least-squares technique is implemented for matching the measured and calculated deflection response functions. The theoretical results show that (1) the use of multifrequency back-calculation can lead to satisfactory convergence of layer moduli even when the number of receivers is less than the number of layers to be determined; therefore, it overcomes the limitation on the maximum allowable number of layers in most static back-calculation programs; and (2) the program has the potential to cope with difficult situations, such as the existence of extraordinarily thin layers, or shallow hard layers, as well as the degradation of surface layers due to cracking, or temperature and moisture gradients. After studying real field deflections at five test sites, we find that the moduli back-calculated using quasi-static frequency in the BKGREEN program compare well with the other five developed programs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Anderson, M. (1989). “A data base method for backcalculation of composite pavement layer moduli.”STP 1026. Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Baladi, Eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 201–216.
2.
Anderson, M., and Drnevich, V. P. (1989). “A true dynamic method for nondestructive testing of rigid pavement with overlay.”Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Concrete Pavement Des. Rehabilitation, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind., 361–374.
3.
Chang, D. W. (1991). “Nonlinear effects on dynamic response of pavements using the non-destructive testing technique,” PhD dissertation, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Tex.
4.
Chang, D. W., Kang, Y. V., Roesset, J. M., and Stokoe, K. H. II. (1992a). “Effect of depth to bedrock on deflection basins obtained with Dynaflect and falling weight deflectometer tests.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1355, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 8–16.
5.
Chang, D. W., Roesset, J. M., and Stokoe, K. H. II. (1992b). “Nonlinear effects in falling weight deflectometer tests.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1355, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 1–7.
6.
Chou, Y. J., and Lytton, R. L. (1991). “Accuracy and consistency of backcalculated pavement layer moduli.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1293, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 72–85.
7.
Davies, T. G., and Mamlouk, M. S. (1985). “Theoretical response of multilayer pavement systems to dynamic nondestructive testing.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1022, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 1–6.
8.
Gazetas, G.(1983). “Analysis of machine foundation vibrations: State of the art.”Int. J. Soil Dyn. and Earthquake Engrg., 2(1), 2–42.
9.
Graves, R. C., and Drnevich, V. P. (1991). “Calculating pavement deflections with velocity transducers.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1293, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 12–23.
10.
Guide for design of pavement structures. (1986). Am. Assn. of State Hwy. and Transp. Officials (AASHTO), Washington, D.C.
11.
Hoffman, M. S., and Thompson, M. R. (1982). “A comparative study of selected non-destructive testing devices.”Transp. Res. Rec. 852, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 32–42.
12.
Hull, S. W., and Kausel, E. (1984). “Dynamic loads in layered half-space.”Proc., 5th Engrg. Mech. Div. Spec. Conf., ASCE, Vol. 1, Reston, Va., 201–204.
13.
Irwin, L. H., Yang, W. S., and Stubstad, R. N. (1989). “Deflection reading accuracy and layer thickness accuracy in backcalculation of pavement layer moduli.”STP 1026. Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Galadi, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 229–244.
14.
Kang, Y. V. (1990). “Effect of finite width on dynamic deflections of pavements,” PhD dissertation, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Tex.
15.
Kang, Y. V. (1995). “Development of a structural testing system for road (STSR)—hardware development.”Res. Grant No. 83-0410-E035-010, Nat. Sci. Council of Republic of China, Taiwan, R. O. C. (in Chinese).
16.
Kausel, E. (1974). “Forced vibration of circular foundations on layered media.”Res. Rep. R74-11, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
17.
Kausel, E. (1981). “An explicit solution for the Green functions for dynamic loads in layered media.”Res. Rep. S81-13, Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
18.
Kausel, E., and Roesset, J. M.(1981). “Stiffness matrices for layered soils.”Bull. of the Seismological Soc. of Am., 71(6), 1743–1761.
19.
Lee, S. W., Mahoney, J. P., and Jackson, N. C. (1988). “Verification of backcalculation of pavement moduli.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1196, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 85–95.
20.
Lukanen, E. O. (1992). “Effects of buffers on falling weight deflectometer loadings and deflections.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1355, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 37–51.
21.
Lytton, R. L. (1989). “Backcalculation of layer moduli—state of the art.”STP 1026. Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Baladi, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 7–38.
22.
Lytton, R. L., Germann, F. P., Chou, Y. J., and Stoffels, S. M. (1990). “Determining asphaltic concrete pavement structural properties by nondestructive testing.”NCHRP Rep. 327, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C.
23.
Lytton, R. L., Roberts, F. L., and Stoffels, S. (1986). “Determination of asphaltic concrete pavement structural properties by nondestructive testing.”NCHRP Rep. 10-27, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C.
24.
Magnuson, A. H. (1988). “Computer analysis of falling weight deflectometer data, part I: Vertical displacement computations on the surface of a uniform (one-layer half-space due to an oscillating surface pressure distribution.” Res. Rep. 1215-1F, Texas Transp. Inst., College Station, Tex.
25.
Magnuson, A. H., Lytton, R. L., and Briggs, R. C. (1991). “Comparison of computer predictions and field data for dynamic analysis of falling weight deflectometer data.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1293, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 61–71.
26.
Mamlouk, M. S. (1986). “Use of dynamic analysis in prediction field multilayer pavement moduli.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1043, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 113–121.
27.
Monismith, C. L. (1992). “Analytically based asphalt pavement design and rehabilitation: theory to practice.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1345, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 5–26.
28.
Nazarian, S., Tandon, V., and Briggs, R. C. (1991). “Development of an absolute calibration system for nondestructive testing devices.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1293, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 24–30.
29.
Ong, C. L., Newcomb, E. D., and Siddharthan, R. (1991). “Comparison of dynamic and static backcalculation moduli for three-layer pavements.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1293, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 86–92.
30.
Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Wetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P. (1992). Numerical recipes, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, New York, N.Y.
31.
Roesset, J. M., and Shao, K.-Y. (1985). “Dynamic interpretation of Dynaflect and falling weight deflectometer tests.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1022, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 7–16.
32.
Shao, K.-Y. (1985). “Dynamic interpretation of Dynaflect, falling weight deflectometer and spectral analysis of surface waves tests on pavement system,” PhD dissertation, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Tex.
33.
Stolle, D., and Hein, D. (1989). “Parameter estimates of pavement structure layers and uniqueness of the solution.”STP 1026. Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Baladi, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 313–322.
34.
Tam, W. S., and Brown, S. F. (1989). “Back-analyzed elastic stiffnesses: Comparison between different evaluation procedures.”STP 1026. Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Baladi, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 189–200.
35.
Tholen, O., Sharma, J., and Terrel, R. L. (1982). “Comparison of falling weight deflectometer with other deflection testing devices.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1007, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 20–26.
36.
Uddin, W., and McCullough, B. F. (1989). “In situ material properties from dynamic deflection equipment.”STP 1026. Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, A. J. Bush III and G. Y. Baladi, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 278–290.
37.
Uddin, W., Meyer, A. H., Hudson, W. R., and Stokoe, K. H. II. (1985). “A structural evaluation methodology for pavements based on dynamic deflections.”Res. Rep. 387-1, Ctr. for Transp. Res., Univ. of Texas, at Austin, Tex.
38.
Ulliditz, P. (1987). Pavement analysis. Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
39.
Uzan, J.(1994). “Dynamic linear back calculation of pavement material parameters.”J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 120(1), 109–126.
40.
Zhou, H., Hicks, R. G., and Bell, C. A. (1990). “BOUSDEF: A backcalculation program for determining moduli of a pavement structure.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1260, Transp. Res. Board (TRB), Washington, D.C., 166–179.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 124 • Issue 1 • January 1998
Pages: 73 - 81
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jan 1, 1998
Published in print: Jan 1998
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.