Urban Trip Distribution in Practice. I: Conventional Analysis
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 119, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper reviews the state of the art of urban passenger trip distribution for conventional large‐ and small‐area analyses. The conventional large‐area analysis covers the following elements of trip distribution: preparing input data, selecting a trip‐distribution model, calibrating the model, validating the model, and forecasting. Input data consists of the base‐year trip matrix and transportation network. The characteristics of three trip‐distribution models are presented. The gravity model is selected as the basis for describing the elements of calibration, validation, and forecasting. Other important issues are also described. The conventional small‐area analysis covers origin‐destination surveys, extraction methods, and forecasting using the Fratar model. The companion paper addresses the quick response and special topics of trip distribution. These papers are part of a series being produced by the Planning Committee of the Urban Transportation Division (UTD) of ASCE. By summarizing the current status of trip distribution, the Planning Committee hopes to raise awareness and understanding of available analysis tools and to help their applications and development.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allen, W. (1983). “Trip distribution using composite impedance.” Transp. Res. Record, 944, 118–127.
2.
Ashford, N., and Covault, D. O. (1969). “The mathematical form of travel time factors.” Highway Res. Record, 283, 30–47.
3.
Bajpai, J. (1990). “Forecasting the basic inputs to transportation planning at the zonal level.” NCHRP Report 328, Transp. Res. Board, Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C.
4.
Barkley, R. E. (1951). “Origin‐destination surveys and traffic volume studies.” Bibliography No. 11, Highway Res. Board, 1–271.
5.
Bebee, M. A. (1959). “Novel traffic survey method utilizes vehicle lights.” Highway Res. Board Bull., 224, 102–104.
6.
Ben, C., Bouchard, R. J., and Sweet, C. E. (1964). “An evaluation of simplified procedures for determining travel patterns in a small urban area.” Highway Res. Record, 88, 137–170.
7.
Black, J. A. (1981). Urban transport planning. John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Md.
8.
Black, J. A., and Salter, R. J. (1975). “A statistical evaluation of the accuracy of a family of gravity models.” Proc. of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 2(59), 1–20.
9.
Bouchard, R. J., and Pyers, C. E. (1964). “The use of gravity model for forecasting urban travel: An analysis and critique.” Highway Res. Record, 88, 1–43.
10.
Box, P. C., and Oppenlander, J. C. (1976). Manual of traffic engineering studies. Inst. of Transp. Engrs., Washington, D.C.
11.
Bromage, E. J. (1991). The highway emulator model. Version 4.0, Central Transp. Planning Staff, Boston, Mass.
12.
Bruton, M. J. (1985). Introduction to transportation planning. Hutchinson, London, England.
13.
Calibrating and testing a gravity‐model for any size urban area. (1965). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D.C.
14.
Carlisle, G., and Taylor, W. T. (1948). “Minimum time periods—Origin and destination surveys.” Proc. Highway Res. Board, 28, 340–347.
15.
Cesario, F. J. (1975). “Least‐squares estimation of trip distribution parameters.” Transp. Res., 9(1), 13–18.
16.
Chatterjee, A., and Raja, M. (1989). “Synthetic models for through trips in small urban areas.” J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 115(5), 537–555.
17.
“Chicago area transportation study.” (1959). Survey findings. Vol. I, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
18.
Cohn, L. F., and Harris, R. A. (1987). “Environmental planning in urban transportation.” J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 113(3), 229–247.
19.
“Computer programs for urban transportation planning: PLANPAC/BACKPAC.” (1977). General Information Manual, U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
20.
“Conducting a home interview origin‐destination survey.” (1954). Procedure Manual 2B, U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, Public Administration Service, Chicago, Il.
21.
Creighton, R. L. (1970). Urban transportation planning. Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, Il.
22.
Daly, A. (1984). “Cost saving methods in travel demand forecasting.” Discrete Choice Models in Regional Science, D. Pitfield, ed., Pion, London, England, 102–113.
23.
DeCorla‐Souza, P., and Miller, H. (1989). “Using SAF to focus mainframe transportation planning data for use with microcomputer model.” Proc., Second Conf. on Application of Transportation Planning Methods, Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, N.C.
24.
Detroit metropolitan area traffic study. (1956). Michigan State Highway Dept., Lansing, Mich.
25.
Dickey, J. W. (1983). Metropolitan transportation planning. 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y.
26.
Duffus, L. N., Alfa, A. S., and Soliman, A. H. (1987). “The reliability of using the gravity model for forecasting trip distribution.” Transp., 14(3), 175–192.
27.
Easa, S. M. (1991). “Traffic assignment in practice: Overview and guidelines for users.” J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 117(6), 602–623.
28.
Easa, S. M. (1993). “Urban trip distribution in practice. II: Quick‐response and special topics.” J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 119(6), 816–834.
29.
Edens, H. J. (1963). “Origin and destination surveys by telephone.” Traffic Q., 33(7), 11–12, 26.
30.
El‐Khodary, I. A. (1991). “Commuting changes in the Greater Toronto area and the explanatory capabilities of distribution models,” MS thesis, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
31.
“Environmental research needs in transportation.” (1992). TRB Circular 389, Transp. Res. Board, Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C.
32.
Evans, A. W. (1971). “The calibration of trip distribution models with exponential or similar cost functions.” Transp. Res., 5(1), 15–38.
33.
FHWA computer programs for urban transportation planning. (1974). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
34.
Fratar, T. J. (1954). “Vehicular trip distribution by successive approximations.” Traffic Q., 8(1), 53–65.
35.
Furness, K. P. (1965). “Time function iteration.” Traffic Engrg. Control, 7(11), 458–460.
36.
Garber, N. J., and Hoel, L. A. (1988). Traffic and highway engineering. West Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.
37.
Gray, R. H., and Sen, A. K. (1983). “Estimating gravity model parameters: A simplified approach based on the odds ratio.” Transp. Res., 17B(2), 117–131.
38.
Hansen, W. G. (1962). “Evaluation of gravity model trip distribution procedures.” Highway Res. Board Bull., 347, 67–76.
39.
Heanue, K. E., and Pyers, C. E. (1965). “A comparative evaluation of trip distribution procedures.” Highway Res. Record, 114, 20–50.
40.
Horowitz, A. J. (1990a). Quick response system II reference manual. Version 3.0, Ctr. for Urban Transp. Studies, Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis.
41.
Horowitz, A. J. (1990b). “Subarea focusing with combined models of spatial interaction and equilibrium assignment.” Transp. Res. Record, 1285, 1–8.
42.
Hurt, J. W. (1948). “Mobile metropolitan area traffic survey.” 7th Annual Meeting Proc. Southeastern Association of State Highway Officials, Southeastern Association of State Highway Officials, 96–104.
43.
Hutchinson, B. G. (1974). Principles of urban transport systems planning. McGraw‐Hill, New York, N.Y.
44.
Hutchinson, B. G. (1989). Urban transport systems analysis: An introduction. Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
45.
Hutchinson, B. G., and Kumar, R. K. (1990). “Modeling urban spatial evolution and transport demand.” J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 116(4), 550–571.
46.
“An introduction to urban travel demand forecasting: A self‐instructional text.” (1977). User‐Oriented Materials for UTPS, U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transp. Administration, Washington, D.C.
47.
Irwin, N., Sims, L., Mori, B., and Schibuola, S. (1989). Transportation planning models in Canada. Vol. II, Roads and Transp. Association of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
48.
Kanafani, A. (1983). Transportation demand analysis. McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y.
49.
Khisty, C. J. (1990). Transportation engineering: An introduction. Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
50.
Kryger, P., and Ottesen, K. A. (1956). “Can the licence‐plate method be used for traffic surveys?” Traffic Q., 10(3), 377–386.
51.
Lane, R., Powell, T. J., and Smith, P. P. (1971). Analytical transport planning. Duckworth and Co., London, England.
52.
Lawson, M. C., and Dearinger, J. A. (1967). “A comparison of four work journey distribution models.” J. Highway Div., ASCE, 93(1), 1–25.
53.
MacLean, A. S. (1976). “Maximum likelihood and the gravity model.” Transp. Res., 10(5), 287–297.
54.
Malone, J. M., and Dicesare, F. (1978). “Calibration of gravity models.” Transp. Res., 12(3), 181–184.
55.
McShane, W., and Roess, R. (1990). Traffic engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
56.
Meyer, M., and Miller, E. (1984). Urban transportation planning: A decision‐oriented approach. McGraw‐Hill, New York, N.Y.
57.
Microcomputers in transportation: Quick response system (QRS) documentation. (1984). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
58.
Miller, D. G., and Nihan, N. L. (1976). “The subarea focusing concept for trip distribution in the Puget Sound area.” Transp. Res. Record, 610, 37–43.
59.
Miller, I., Irick, P. E., Michael, H. L., and Brown, R. M. (1953). “Sampling methods for roadside interviewing.” Highway Res. Board Bull., 76, 31–51.
60.
Oi, W. Y., and Shuldiner, P. W. (1962). An analysis of urban travel demand. Northwestern Univ. Press, Evanston, Il.
61.
Ortuzar, J. D., and Willumsen, L. G. (1990). Modeling transport. John Wiley, New York, N.Y.
62.
Pedersen, N., and Samdahl, D. (1982). “Highway traffic data for urbanized area project planning and design.” NCHRP Report 255, Transp. Res. Board, Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C.
63.
Pignataro, L. (1973). Traffic engineering: Theory and practice. Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
64.
Purvis, C. (1990). “Survey of travel surveys.” Transp. Res. Record, 1271, 23–32.
65.
Reilly, W. J. (1953). The law of retail gravitation. Pilbury Publishers, New York, N.Y.
66.
Rickman, T. D., Hallenbeck, M. E., and Schroeder, M. (1990). “Improved method for collecting travel time information.” Transp. Res. Record, 1271, 79–88.
67.
Ruiter, E. R. (1967). “Towards a better understanding of the intervening opportunities model.” Transp. Res., 1(1), 47–56.
68.
Schneider, M. (1960). “Panel discussion on inter‐area travel formulas.” Highway Res. Board Bull., 253, 128–138.
69.
“Simplified microcomputer programs for urban planning.” (1988). Training Course 15230, U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Nat. Highway Inst., McLean, Va.
70.
Smith, D. P., and Hutchinson, B. G. (1981). “Goodness of fit statistics for trip distribution models.” Transp. Res., 15A(3), 233–243.
71.
Software and source book. (1992). Ctr. for Microcomputers in Transp., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
72.
Sosslau, A. B., Hassam, A. B., Carter, M. M., and Wickstrom, G. V. (1978). “Quick‐response urban travel estimation techniques and transferrable parameters: User's guide.” NCHRP Report 187, Transp. Res. Board, Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C.
73.
Stokes, R. W., and Chavala, T. (1989). “Design and implementation of intercity origin destination surveys.” Transp. Res. Record, 1236, 23–33.
74.
Stopher, P. R., and Meyburg, A. H. (1975). Urban transportation modeling and planning. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass.
75.
Stouffer, S. A. (1940). “Intervening opportunities: A theory relating mobility and distance.” American Sociological Review, 5(6), 845–867.
76.
Subarea planning using microcomputers: System overview and user's guide. (1988). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
77.
Todes, M. A. (1981). “The inapplicability of the gravity model in non‐gravity situations.” Traffic Engrg. Control, 22(1), 14–18.
78.
Traffic assignment. (1973). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
79.
Transportation tomorrow survey: Design and control of the survey. (1987). Ontario Ministry of Transp., Downsview, Ontario.
80.
“Trip distribution models: A special issue.” (1970). Transp. Res., 4(1), 1–112.
81.
Urban origin‐destination surveys. (1973). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
82.
Urban transportation planning system: Reference manual. (1977). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Urban Mass Transp. Administration; Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
83.
Use of UTPS for subarea highway analysis: A case study. (1985). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
84.
UTPS highway network development guide. (1983). U.S. Dept. of Transp., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
85.
Voorhies, A. M. (1959). “Estimating and forecasting travel for Baltimore by use of a mathematical model.” Highway Res. Board Bull., 224, 105–114.
86.
Williams, I. (1976). “A comparison of some calibration techniques for doubly constrained models with an exponential cost function.” Transp. Res., 10(2), 91–104.
87.
Wilson, A. G. (1967). “A statistical theory of spatial distribution models.” Transp. Res., 1(3), 253–269.
88.
Wilson, A. G. (1970). Entropy in urban and regional modeling. Pion, London, England.
89.
Wilson, A. G. (1973). “Travel demand forecasting: Achievements and problems.” Highway Res. Board Special Report 143, Highway Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 283–306.
90.
Winfrey, R. (1953). “Postcard method of obtaining origin and destination of traffic and comparison with roadside‐interview method.” Highway Res. Board Bull., 76, 10–30.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 119 • Issue 6 • November 1993
Pages: 793 - 815
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 27, 1992
Published online: Nov 1, 1993
Published in print: Nov 1993
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.