Tensile Fracture and Fatigue of Cement‐Stabilized Soil
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 113, Issue 5
Abstract
Portland cement‐stabilized soil is widely used as a base material for roads, airfields, and similar structures. Cracking in this material is studied using fracture mechanics concepts. Fracture toughness in the form of the plane strain stress intensity factor and in the form of the J‐integral are used as primary descriptors in the study. A simple power law is used in the case of fatigue loading to describe the relationship between the change in crack length per load cycle and the fluctuation in the stress intensity factor. An increase in static toughness occurs with an increase in strength and this relationship is explained. Physical models are developed that define the relationship between the physical and chemical nature of the material and its engineering usage. These relationships consider cement content, compactive effort, and fracture toughness. Initial results and future requirements for relationships between creep and fatigue and between static toughness and fatigue are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
ASTM. (1978a). “Test methods for moisture‐density relations of soils and soilaggregate mixtures, using 5.5‐lb (2.49‐kg) rammer and 12‐in. (304.8‐mm) drop.” D698, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
2.
ASTM. (1978b). “Test methods for moisture‐density relations of soils and soilaggregate mixtures using 10‐lb (4.54‐kg) rammer and 18‐in (457‐mm) drop.” D1557. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
3.
ASTM. (1981). “Test method for a measure of fracture toughness.” E813, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
4.
ASTM. (1982). “Test method for moisture‐density relations of soil‐cement mixtures.” D558, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
5.
ASTM. (1983). “Test method for plane strain fracture toughness of metallic materials.” E399, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
6.
ASTM. (1986). “Test method for constant‐load‐amplitude fatigue crack growth rates above ” E647, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
7.
Bažant, Z. P. (1984). “Size effect in blunt fracture: concrete, rock, metal.” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 110(4), Apr., 518–535.
8.
Bowles, J. E. (1978). Engineering properties of soils and their measurement. McGraw‐Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
9.
Carpenter, A., Ingraffea, A. R., eds. (1984). Fracture mechanics of concrete: material characterization and testing. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, Mass.
10.
Chang, J. B., Engle, R. M., and Szamossi, M. (1982). “An improved methodology for predicting random spectrum load interaction effects on fatigue crack growth.” Advances in Fracture Research (Fracture 81), Francois, D., ed., Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 5, 2615–2623.
11.
Chen, W. F., and Saleeb, A. F. (1982). Constitutive equations for engineering materials, Vol. I: elasticity and modeling. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
12.
Cho, K. Z., et al. (1984). “Fracture process zone of concrete cracks.” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 110(8), Aug., 1174–1184.
13.
Feda, J. (1982). Mechanics of particulate materials, the principles. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
14.
Frieman, S. W., and Fuller, E. R., Jr., Ed. (1981). Fracture mechanics for ceramics, rock, and concrete. ASTM STP 745, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
15.
Gartenhaus, S. (1975). Physics, Basic Principles, Volume 1. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, N.Y.
16.
Gdoutos, E. E. (1984). Problems of mixed mode crack propagation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, Mass.
17.
George, K. P. (1970). “Theory of brittle fracture applied to soil cement.” J. Soil Mech. and Foundation Div., ASCE, 96(3), Apr., 991–1010.
18.
Gopalaratnam, V. S., and Shah, S. P. (1985). “Sotening response of plain concrete in direct tension.” ACI J., American Concrete Inst., 3, Proc. Vol. 82, May–Jun., 310–323.
19.
Harr, M. E. (1977). Mechanics of particulate media, a probabilistic approach. McGraw‐Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
20.
Hertzberg, R. W. (1983). Deformation and fracture mechanics of engineering materials.John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
21.
Irwin, G. R. (1957). “Relation of stresses near a crack to the crack extension force.” Proc. 9th Intl. Congress of Applied Mech., Univ. of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium, 8, 245–251.
22.
Irwin, G. R. (1958). “Fracture.” Encyclopedia of Physics, VI, Springer‐Verlag, Heidelberg, F.R.G., 551–590.
23.
Irwin, G. R. (1960). “Fracture mechanics.” Structural Mechanics, Proceedings, 1st Naval Symp., Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
24.
Kaplan, W. (1984). Advanced Calculus. Addison‐Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass.
25.
Kaufman, J. G., ed. (1973). Progress in flaw growth and fracture toughness testing. ASTM STP 536, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
26.
Kim, Y. (1985). “Tensile creep of soil‐cement and its relationship to fatigue.” thesis presented to Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
27.
Knott, J. F. (1973). Fundamentals of fracture mechanics. Butterworths, London, England.
28.
Latanision, R. M., and Pickens, J. R., eds. (1983). Atomistics of Fracture. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
29.
Liebowitz, H., ed. (1968). Fracture, an advanced treatise, Volume II, mathematical fundamentals, Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
30.
Mindess, S., and Young, J. F. (1981). Concrete, Prentice‐Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
31.
Paris, P. C. (1962). The growth of fatigue cracks due to variations in load. Thesis presented to Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
32.
Paris, P. C., and Sih, G. C. (1970). Stress analysis of cracks, ASTM STP 381, Philadelphia, Pa., 30–83.
33.
PCA. (1971). Soil‐cement laboratory handbook. Engrg. Bulletin, Portland Cement Assoc., Portland, Oreg.
34.
Rice, J. R. (1968). “A path independent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks.” J. Applied Mech., Transactions, ASME, Series E., 35(2), Jun., 379–386.
35.
Rice, J. R. (1972). “The line spring model for surface flaws.” The Surface Crack: Physical Problems and Computational Solutions, Swedlow, J. L., ed., ASME, New York, N.Y., 171–185.
36.
Rolfe, S. T., and Barsom, J. M. (1977). Fracture and fatigue control in structures, applications of fracture mechanics. Prentice‐Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
37.
Saouma, V. E., Ingraffea, A. R., and Catalano, D. J. (1982). “Fracture toughness of concrete: revisited.” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 108(6), Dec., 1152–1166.
38.
SAS Inst., Inc. (1982). SAS user's guide, Cary, N.C.
39.
Saxena, A., and Hudak, S. J., Jr. (1978). “Review and extension of compliance information for common crack growth specimens.” Internatl. J. of Fracture, 14(5), Oct., 453–468.
40.
Schapery, R. A. (1975). “A theory of crack growth in viscoelastic media, II. approximate methods of analysis.” Internatl. J. of Fracture, 11(3), Jun., 369–387.
41.
Sih, G. C., and DiTommaso, A., eds., (1985). Fracture mechanics of concrete: structural application and numerical calculation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, Mass.
42.
Terrel, R. L., et al. (1979). Soil stabilization in pavement structures, a user's manual, Vol. 2, mixture design considerations. Fed. Highway Admin., Washington, D.C.
43.
Timoshenko, S. P., and Goodier, J. N. (1970). Theory of elasticity. McGraw‐Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
44.
Ugural, A. C. (1981). Stresses in plates and shells. McGraw‐Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
45.
Underwood, J. H., Freiman, S. W., and Baratta, F. I., eds., (1984). Chevron‐notched specimens: testing and stress analysis. ASTM Symp. Louisville, Ky., Apr., 1983, ASTM STP 855, Philadelphia, Pa.
46.
Wecharatan, M., and Shah, S. P. (1983). “Predictions of nonlinear fracture process zone in concrete,” J. of Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 109(5), Oct., 1231–1246.
47.
Westergaard, H. M. (1939). “Bearing pressures and cracks.” J. Applied Mech., ASME, New York, N.Y., Jun., A49–A53.
48.
Wittmann, F. H., Ed. (1983). Fracture mechanics of concrete, developments in Civ. Engrg., 7, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
49.
Yoder, E. J., and Witczak, M. W. (1975). Principles of pavement design. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 113 • Issue 5 • September 1987
Pages: 520 - 537
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 ASCE.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1987
Published in print: Sep 1987
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.