Height System of Taiwan from Satellite and Terrestrial Data
Publication: Journal of Surveying Engineering
Volume 123, Issue 4
Abstract
The global positioning system (GPS), satellite altimetry, tide records, differential leveling, and a geoid model have been used to study the height system of Taiwan, Republic of China. Using the International GPS Service (IGS) orbit, the geocentric coordinates in International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) and the mean sea levels at six key tide stations around Taiwan were determined by GPS, and this result will contribute data to the permanent service of mean sea level. It is found by detailed field work and calibration that the vertical datum of Taiwan is defined to be the mean sea level of Keelung located at northern Taiwan. The vertical datum undergoes a secular rise at 1.28 mm/year which must be considered in defining future benchmark heights. It is shown that a good geoid model can be of many uses such as GPS leveling, detecting systematic errors in a leveling net and changes of benchmark heights. The relative sea surface topography (SST) values at tide stations were determined from satellite altimetry and GPS data, and their standard errors are mostly below 10 cm. The SST values are recommended to be used as weighted constraints in the adjustment of a leveling net. A preliminary connection of Taiwan's vertical datum to other regional datums has been examined by computing a global SST at a 600-km wavelength using the EGM96 geopotential model and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Apel, J. R. (1987). Principles of Ocean Physics. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
2.
Ashkenazi, V., Bingley, R. M., and Whitmore, G. M.(1994). “Monitoring changes in mean-sea-level to millimeters using GPS.”Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1951–1954.
3.
Barnett, T. P.(1984). “The estimation of `global' sea level change: a problem of uniqueness.”J. Geophys. Res., 89, 7980–7988.
4.
Beutler, G., Kouba, J., and Springer, T.(1995). “Combining the orbit of the IGS analysis centers.”Bull. Géod., 69(4), 200–222.
5.
Carter, W. E. (1989). “Geodetic fixing of tide gauge benchmarks.”Rep. No. WHOI-89-31/CRC-89-5, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mass.
6.
Chang, R.-G., Chang, C.-C., and Lee, J.-T. (1990). “A gravimetric geoid in Taiwan area.”Sea Surface Topography and the Geoid, Symp. No. 104, H. Sünkel and T. Baker, eds., Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin, 61–72.
7.
Cheney, R. E. et al. (1991). The complete Geosat altimeter GDR handbook. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Md.
8.
Davis, J. (1996). “GPS measurements to constrain geodynamics process in Fennoscandia.”EOS. Trans., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 77(5).
9.
Eanes, R. J., and Bettadpur, S. V. (1995). “The CSR 3.0 global ocean tide model.”Rep. No. CSR-TM-95-06, Ctr. for Space Res., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Tex.
10.
GAMIT. (1994). Document for the GAMIT GPS analysis software. MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
11.
Hein, G. W., Blomenhofer, H., Landau, H., and Traveira, E. (1992). “Measuring sea level change using GPS in buoys.”Geophys. Mono. 69, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 101–106.
12.
Heiskanen, W., and Moritz, H. (1967). Physical geodesy. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif.
13.
Holloway, R. D. (1988). “The integration of GPS heights into the Australian height datum.”Unisurv, S33, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, U.K.
14.
Hwang, C.(1996). “A study of the Kuroshio's seasonal variabilities using an altimetric-gravimetric geoid and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data.”J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6313–6335.
15.
Hwang, C.(1997). “Analysis of some systematic errors affecting altimeter-derived sea surface gradient with application to geoid determination over Taiwan.”J. Geodesy, 71, 113–130.
16.
Hwang, C., and Lee, K.-H. (1996). “Characteristics of GPS satellite orbit error and baseline repeatability analysis.”J. Surv. Engrg., Chinese Society of Surveying Engineering, Taiwan, R.O.C., 38(3), 1–20 (in Chinese).
17.
Kilgus, C., Mooers, C. N. K., Needham, B., and Crawford, M. (1995). “Geosat follow-on satellite to supply ocean sciences data.”EOS. Trans., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 76(4).
18.
Koch, K. R. (1987). Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing in linear models. Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin.
19.
Lemoine, F. G. et al. (1997). “The development of the NASA GSFC and NIMA joint geopotential model.”Proc., Int. Symp. on Gravity, Geoid and Marine Geodesy, J. Segawa and H. Fujimoto, eds., Tokyo, Japan, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
20.
Levitus, S. (1982). “Climatological atlas of the world ocean.”NOAA Professional Paper 13, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Rockville, Md.
21.
Liu, C.-C.(1989). “Impact of crustal deformation on tide gauge records.”Proc., Geol. Soc. China, Taiwan, R.O.C., 32(4), 321–338.
22.
Mather, R. S. (1976). “Some possibilities for recovering oceanographic information from the SEASAT Mission.”Unisurv, G24, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, U.K.
23.
Nerem, R. S.(1993). “Time variations of the Earth's gravitational field from satellite laser tracking to LAGEOS.”Geophys. Res. Lett., 99, 2791–2813.
24.
Nerem, R. S.(1994). “Gravity model development for TOPEX/POSEIDON: joint gravity models 1 and 2.”J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24421–24448.
25.
Rapp, R. H. (1989). Geometric geodesy, Vols. I and II, Dept. of Geod. Sci. and Surv., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio.
26.
Rapp, R. H., Wang, Y. M., and Pavlis, N. K. (1991). “The Ohio State 1991 geopotential model and sea surface topography harmonic coefficient model.”Rep. No. 410, Dept. of Geod. Sci. and Surv., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio.
27.
Rapp, R. H., and Balasubramania, N. (1992). “A conceptual formulation of a world height system.”Rep. No. 421, Dept. of Geod. Sci. and Surv., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
28.
Seeber, G. (1993). Satellite geodesy. Walter de Gruyter Inc., Berlin, Germany.
29.
Tapley, B. D.(1994). “Precision orbit determination for TOPEX/POSEIDON.”J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24383–24404.
30.
Tsuei, G.-C., Arabelos, D., Forsberg, R., Sideris, M. G., and Tziavos, I. N. (1994). “Geoid computations in Taiwan.”Proc., Joint Meeting of the Int. Gravity and Geoid Commissions, Graz, Austria, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
31.
Vańıcek, P.(1991). “Vertical datum and NAVD 88.”Surv. and Land Information System, 51(2), 83–86.
32.
Wunsch, C., and Gaposchkin, E. M.(1980). “On using satellite altimetry to determine the general circulation of the oceans with application to geoid improvement.”Rev. of Geophys., 18(4), 725–745.
33.
Yu, S.-B., Chen, H.-Y., and Kuo, L.-C.(1997). “Velocity field of GPS stations in the Taiwan area.”Tectonophysics, 274, 41–59.
34.
Zilkoski, D. B., Richards, J. H., and Young, G. M.(1992). “Results from the general adjustment of the North American vertical datum of 1988.”Surv. and Land Information System, 52(3), 133–149.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1997
Published in print: Nov 1997
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.