Vibration-Based Detection of Small-Scale Damage on a Bridge Deck
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 9
Abstract
Vibration-based damage detection (VBDD) methods use damage-induced changes to the dynamic properties of a structure to detect, locate, and sometimes quantify the extent of damage. This paper describes a laboratory-based experimental and finite element analysis study conducted to evaluate the ability of five different VBDD methods to detect and localize low levels of damage on the deck slab of a two-girder, simply supported bridge, with a focus on using a small number of sensors and only the fundamental mode of vibration. It is demonstrated that damage can be detected and localized longitudinally within a distance equivalent to the spacing between measurement points using data for only the fundamental mode shape before and after damage, defined by as few as five evenly spaced measurement points. The localization resolution declines by approximately 50% near supports. Increasing the number of measurement points improves the localization resolution of the techniques, although not always in proportion to the resulting decrease in measurement point spacing. Incorporating data from two additional modes was not found to significantly improve the localization performance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was performed with the financial support of the ISIS Canada Network of Centres of Excellence, to which the writers express their gratitude.
References
ANSYS Inc. (2003). ANSYS user’s manual, version 7.1, Canonsburg, Pa.
Bakht, B., and Mufti, A. A. (1998). “Five steel-free deck slabs in Canada.” Struct. Eng. Int. (IABSE, Zurich, Switzerland), 8(3), 196–200.
Cartz, L. (1995). Non-destructive testing, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio.
Casas, J. R., and Aparicio, A. C. (1994). “Structural damage identification from dynamic-test data.” J. Struct. Eng., 120(8), 2437–2450.
Catbas, F. N., and Aktan, A. E. (2002). “Condition and damage assessment: Issues and some promising indices.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(8), 1026–1036.
Cawley, P., and Adams, R. D. (1979). “The location of defects in structures from measurements of natural frequencies.” J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 14(2), 49–57.
Choi, S., Park, S., and Stubbs, N. (2005) “Nondestructive damage detection in structures using changes in compliance.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 42(15), 4494–4513.
Doebling, S. W., Farrar, C. R., and Prime, M. B. (1998). “A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods.” Shock Vib. Dig., 30(2), 91–105.
Doebling, S. W., Farrar, C. R., Prime, M. B., and Shevitz, D. W. (1996). “Damage identification and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: A literature review.” Rep. No. LA 13070-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.
Ewins, D. J. (2000). Modal testing: Theory, practice, and application, 2nd Ed., Research Studies Press Ltd., Hertfordshire, U.K.
Farrar, C. R., Baker, W. E., Bell, T. M., Cone, K. M., Darling, T. W., Duffey, T. A., Eklund, A., and Migliori, A. (1994). “Dynamic characterization and damage detection in the I-40 Bridge over the Rio Grande.” Rep. No. LA 12767-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.
Farrar, C. R., and Duffey, T. A. (1999). “Vibration-based damage detection in rotating machinery.” Key Eng. Mater., 167–168, 224–235.
Farrar, C. R., and Jauregui, D. A. (1998). “Comparative study of damage identification algorithms applied to a bridge: I. Experiment.” Smart Mater. Struct., 7(5), 704–719.
Federal Highway Administration. (2001). “Reliability of visual inspection.” Rep. Nos. FHWA-RD-01–020, Washington, D.C.
Fox, C. H. J. (1992). “The location of defects in structures: A comparison of the use of natural frequency and mode shape data.” Proc., 10th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Society of Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Conn., 522–528.
Hajela, P., and Soeiro, F. J. (1990). “Recent developments in damage detection based on system identification methods.” Struct. Optim., 2(1), 1–10.
Ho, Y. K., and Ewins, D. J. (2000). “On the structural damage identification with mode shapes.” Proc., European COST F3 Conf. on System Identification and Structural Health Monitoring, Madrid, Spain, 677–686.
Hunt, D. L., Weiss, S. P., West, W. M., Dunlap, T. A., and Freemeyer, S. R. (1990). “Development and implementation of a shuttle modal inspection system.” J. Sound Vib., 24(8), 34–42.
Jauregui, D. V., and Farrar, C. R. (1996). “Comparison of damage identification algorithms on experimental modal data from a bridge.” Proc., 14th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Society of Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Conn., 1423–1429.
Jenkins, C. H., Kjerengtroen, L., and Oestensen, H. (1997). “Sensitivity of parameter changes in structural damage detection.” Shock Vib., 4(1), 27–37.
Kim, J. T., and Stubbs, N. (1995). “Model-uncertainty impact and damage-detection accuracy in plate girder.” J. Struct. Eng., 121(10), 1409–1417.
Kim, J. T., and Stubbs, N. (2003). “Nondestructive crack detection algorithm for full-scale bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(10), 1358–1366.
Masri, S. F., Nakamura, M., Chassiakos, A. G., and Caughey, T. K. (1996). “Neural network approach to detection of changes in structural parameters.” J. Eng. Mech., 122(4), 350–360.
Mortenson, M. E. (1999). Mathematics for computer graphics applications, Industrial Press, New York.
Mufti, A. A., Jaeger, L. G., Bakht, B., and Wegner, L. D. (1993). “Experimental investigation of FRC deck slabs without internal steel reinforcement.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 20(3), 398–406.
National Instruments Corporation. (2000). LabView, Version 6i, Austin, Tex.
Newhook, J. P., and Mufti, A. A. (1996). “A reinforcing steel-free concrete deck slab for the Salmon River Bridge.” Concr. Int., 18(6), 30–34.
Pandey, A. K., and Biswas, M. (1994). “Damage detection in structures using changes in flexibility.” J. Sound Vib., 169(1), 3–17.
Pandey, A. K., Biswas, M., and Samman, M. M. (1991). “Damage detection from changes in curvature mode shapes.” J. Sound Vib., 145(2), 321–332.
Peeters, B. (2000). “System identification and damage detection in civil engineering.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
Peterson, S. T., McLean, D. I., Symans, M. D., Pollock, D. G., Cofer, W. F., Emerson, R. N., and Fridley, K. J. (2001). “Application of dynamic system identification to timber beams. I.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(4), 418–425.
Raj, B., Jayakumar, T., and Thavasimuthu, M. (2002). Practical non-destructive testing, 2nd Ed., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Ramirez, R. (1985). The FFT: Fundamentals and concepts, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Salawu, O. S. (1997). “Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: A review.” Eng. Struct., 19(9), 718–723.
Salawu, O. S., and Williams, C. (1994). “Damage location using vibration mode shapes.” Proc., 12th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Society of Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Conn., 933–939.
Schulz, J. L., Command, B., Goble, G. G., and Frangopol, D. M. (1995). “Efficient field testing and load rating of short- and medium-span bridges.” Struct. Eng. Rev., 7(3), 181–194.
Shives, T. R., and Mertaugh, L. J., eds. (1986). Detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of rotating machinery to improve reliability, maintainability, and readiness through the application of new and innovative techniques, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Sohn, H., Farrar, C. R., Hemez, F. M., Shunk, D. D., Stinemates, D. W., and Nadler, B. R. (2003). “A review of structural health monitoring literature: 1996–2001.” Rep. No. LA-13976-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.
Stubbs, N., Kim, Y. I., and Farrar, C. R. (1995). “Field verification of a nondestructive damage localization and severity estimation algorithm.” Proc., 13th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Society of Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Conn., 210–218.
Stubbs, N., and Park, S. (1996) “Optimal sensor placement for mode shapes via Shannon’s sampling theory.” Microcomput. Civ. Eng., 11(6), 411–419.
Toksoy, T., and Aktan, A. E. (1994). “Bridge-condition assessment by modal flexibility.” Exp. Mech., 34(3), 271–278.
West, W. M., Jr. (1982). “Single point random model test technology application to failure detection.” Shock and Vibration Bulletin, 52(4), 25–31.
Wu, X., Ghaboussi, J., and Garrett, J. H., Jr. (1992). “Use of neural networks in detection of structural damage.” Comput. Struct., 42(4), 649–659.
Zhang, Z., and Aktan, A. E. (1995). “The damage indices for constructed facilities.” Proc., 13th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Society of Experimental Mechanics, Bethel, Conn., 1520–1529.
Zhang, Z., and Aktan, A. E. (1998). “Application of modal flexibility and its derivatives in structural identification.” Res. Nondestruct. Eval., 10(1), 43–61.
Zimmerman, D. C., and Kaouk, M. (1994). “Structural damage detection using a minimum rank update theory.” J. Vibr. Acoust., 116(2), 222–231.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 3, 2005
Accepted: Feb 27, 2007
Published online: Sep 1, 2007
Published in print: Sep 2007
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Abhinav Gupta
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.