Frequency Analysis of Ground Snow Data and Production of the Snow Load Map Using Geographic Information System for the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 7
Abstract
In Turkey, especially in the Eastern Black Sea region, many roofs collapse or damage due to heavy snowfalls exceeding the maximum loads for design have been experienced. Roof snow loads specified for structural design in modern standards are calculated as the product of a design ground snow load and the conversion factors that depend on the roof properties. The aim of this study is to create a map to give precisely the variation of the ground snow loads in the Eastern Black Sea region so that design of roof snow loads in the region can be estimated accurately. To accomplish this purpose, the probability plot correlation coefficient test was examined with three different cumulative distribution functions (Gumbel, Lognormal, and Weibull) to determine the best fit of the theoretical probability distribution with the snow data of 32 Turkish State Meteorological Service weather stations located in the Eastern Black Sea region and adjacent cities. After the 50-year ground snow loads were determined using the data collected from each station, the ground snow load map of the region was produced using a geographic information system. The approaches in Turkish codes of TS 498 and TS 7046 were also discussed along with the results obtained in the study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgment
The work described in this paper was supported by the Research Foundation at Karadeniz Technical University. The writers would like to gratefully acknowledge this support.
References
ASCE. (1996). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ANSI/ASCE 7-95, New York.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2003). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” SEI/ASCE 7-02, Reston, Va.
Bayazit, M. (1996). İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Olasılık Yöntemleri, İ.T.Ü. İnşaat Fakültesi Matbaasi, İstanbul, Turkey.
Boyd, D. W. (1961). “Maximum snow depths and snow loads on roofs in Canada.” Proc., 29th Annual Meeting Western Snow Conf., Ottawa, 6–16.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (2003). “Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. I–3: General actions—Snow loads.” EN 1991-1-3, London.
Ceylan, A. (2003). “Meteorolojik Karakterli Doğal Afetlerin Zamansal ve Bölgesel Dağılımı.” ⟨http://www.atmosfer.itu.edu.tr/bildiriler/455.pdf⟩ (July 9, 2004).
Del Corso, R., Formichi, P., and Stiefel, U. (2000). “Recent European research advances snow loading and their possible implementation in the Eurocodes.” Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 2(5), 483–494.
Durmaz, M. (2003). “Determination of optimum snow loads of roofs in the Eastern Black Sea Region.” MSc thesis, Karadeniz Technical Univ., Trabzon, Turkey.
Ellingwood, B. (1984). “Statistical tests of environmental load data.” J. Struct. Eng., 110(6), 1400–1404.
Ellingwood, B., and O’Rourke, M. J. (1985). “Probabilistic models of snow loads on structures.” Struct. Safety, 2, 291–299.
Ellingwood, B., and Redfield, R. (1983). “Ground snow loads for structural design.” J. Struct. Eng., 109(4), 950–964.
Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. (ESRI). (2003). ArcGIS version 8.3. (CD-ROM), Redlands, Calif.
Filliben, J. J. (1975). “The probability plot correlation coefficient test for normality.” Technometrics, 17(1), 111–117.
“The Incidence of Roof Collapse.” (2004). Safe Roof Systems, ⟨http://www.senteck.com/need/incidence.html⟩ (August 2, 2004).
Koç, M. L. (1998). “Determination of snow loads on structures.” MSc thesis, Gazi Univ., Ankara, Turkey.
National Research Council of Canada (2002). “Structural commentaries—Commentary on snow loads, 61–72.” NBC 1995, Ottawa.
Newark, M. J., Welsh, E., Morris, R. J., and Dnes, W. V. (1989). “Revised ground snow loads for the 1990 National Building Code of Canada.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 16(3), 267–278.
O’Rourke, M. J., and Speck, R. S. Jr. (1992). “Roof-snow load for seismic-design calculations.” J. Struct. Eng., 118(9), 2338–2350.
“Russian roof collapse kills 24.” (2004). Cable News Network LP, LLLP, ⟨http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/14/russia.roof.collapse.ap/⟩ (February 15, 2004).
Sack, R. L. (1989). “Designing structures for snow loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 115(2), 303–315.
Schaerer, P. A., Claus, B. R., and Russell, S. O. (1984). “Variation of ground snow loads with elevation in southern British Columbia.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 11(3), 480–493.
Simiu, E., and Filliben, J. J. (1976). “Probability distributions of extreme wind speeds.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 102(9), 1861–1877.
Simiu, E., Heckert, N. A., Filliben, J. J., and Johnson, S. K. (2001). “Extreme wind load estimates based on the Gumbel distribution of dynamic pressures: An assessment.” Struct. Safety, 23, 221–229.
Soukhov, D. (2002). “The probability distribution function for snow load in Germany.” ⟨http://www.uni-leipzig.de~massivb/institut/lacer/lacer03/l03_25.pdf⟩ (December 2, 2002).
Stedinger, J. R., Vogel, R. M., and Foufoula-Georgiou, E. (1992). Handbook of hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Takabatake, H. (1990). “Effects of dead loads in static beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 116(4), 1102–1120.
Thom, H. (1966). “Distribution of maximum annual water equivalent of snow on the ground.” Mon. Weather Rev., 94(4), 265–271.
Tobiasson, W., and Greatorex, A. (1996a). “Database and methodology for conducting site specific snow load case studies for the United States in snow engineering.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Snow Engineering, Sendai, Japan.
Tobiasson, W., and Greatorex, A. (1996b). “Snow loads for the United States.” CRREL Rep., Hanover, N.H.
Tobiasson, W., and Redfield, R. (1983). “Snow loads for the United States.” CRREL Rep., Hanover, N.H.
Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE. (1982). “Building code for steel structures.” TS 648, Ankara, Turkey.
Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE. (1989). “Bases for design of structures—Determination of snow loads on roofs.” TS 7046, Ankara, Turkey.
Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE. (1997). “Design loads for buildings.” TS 498, Ankara, Turkey.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Nov 16, 2004
Accepted: Jul 1, 2005
Published online: Jul 1, 2006
Published in print: Jul 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Shahram Sarkani
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.