Lateral Load Tests on a Two-Story Unreinforced Masonry Building
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 5
Abstract
A full-scale two-story unreinforced masonry (URM) building was tested in a quasistatic fashion to investigate the nonlinear properties of existing URM structures and to assess the efficiency of several common retrofit techniques. This paper presents the main experimental findings associated with the nonlinear properties of the original URM structure. The test structure exhibited large initial stiffness and its damage was characterized by large, discrete cracks that developed in masonry walls. Significant global behavior such as global rocking of an entire wall, and local responses such as rocking and sliding of each individual pier were observed in the masonry walls with different configurations. In addition, formation of flanges in perpendicular walls and overturning moments had significant effects on the behavior of the test structure. A comparison between the experimental observations and the predictions of FEMA 356 provisions shows that major improvements are needed for this latter methodology.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation through the Mid-America Earthquake Center (Award No. NSFEEC-9701785). Additional financial support was provided by the Market Development Alliance of the FRP Composites Industry (MDA). Material donations by Cherokee Brick and Tile, Lafarge Cement, MDA, Dur-O-Wal Inc., and Simpson Strong-Tie, are also gratefully acknowledged.
References
Abrams, D. P., and Shah, N. (1992). “Cyclic load testing of unreinforced masonry walls.” Advanced Construction Technology Center Rep. No. 92-26-10, College of Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill.
Anthoine, A., Magonette, G., and Magenes, G. (1995). “Shear-compression testing and analysis of brick masonry walls.” Proc., 10th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Taylor and Francis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1657-1662.
Applied Technology Council (ATC). (1999). “Evaluation of earthquake damaged concrete and masonry wall buildings, technical resources.” FEMA-307, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
Applied Technology Council (ATC). (2000). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” FEMA-356, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
Bruneau, M. (1994). “State-of-the-art report on seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 120(1) 230–251.
Clemson University. (2000). “Test results for bricks and mortar samples.” The National Brick Research Center, Clemson Univ., Clemson, S.C.
Costley, A. C., and Abrams, D. P. (1996). “Dynamic response of unreinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms.” NCEER-96-0001, Univ. of Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Craig, J., Goodno, B., Towashiraporn, P., and Park, J. (2002). “Fragility reduction estimations for URM buildings using response modification.” Proc., 12th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering Research, London, Paper No. 805.
Epperson, G. S., and Abrams, D. P. (1989). “Nondestructive evaluation of masonry buildings.” Rep. No. 89-26-03, College of Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Advanced Construction Technology Center, Urbana, Ill.
Franklin, S., Lynch, J., and Abrams, D. P. (2003). “Performance of rehabilitated URM shear walls: Flexural behavior of piers.” (CD-ROM) Mid-America Earthquake Center, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill.
French, S., and Olshansky, R. (2001). “Inventory of essential facilities in Mid-America.” (CD ROM) Mid-America Earthquake Center, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill
Goodno, B., Craig, J., and Losiriluk, T. (2002). “Seismic vulnerability of partial height URM partitions.” Proc., 12th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering Research, Paper No. 806, London.
Kim, S. C., and White, D. (2002). “Three-dimensional nonlinear time history analysis of lowrise shear wall buildings with flexible diaphragms.” Proc., 7th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (CD-ROM), EERI, Boston.
Magenes, G., and Calvi, G. M. (1992). “Cyclic behavior of brick masonry walls.” Proc., 10th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, A.A. Balkema, Madrid, Spain, 3517–3522.
Manzouri, T., Shing, P. B., Amadei, B., Schuller, M., and Atkinson, R. (1995). “Repair and retrofit of unreinforced masonry walls: Experimental evaluation and finite element analysis.” Rep. No. CU/SR-95/2, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
Moon, F. (2004). “Seismic strengthening of low-rise unreinforced masonry buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
Moon, F., Yi, T., Leon, R.T., and Kahn, L.F. (2006). “Recommendations for seismic evaluation and retrofit of low-rise URM structures.,” J. Struct. Eng. 132(5), 663–672.
Paquette, J., and Bruneau, M. (2003). “Pseudo-dynamic testing of unreinforced masonry building with flexible diaphragm.,” J. Struct. Eng. 129(6), 708–716.
Peralta, D. F., Bracci, J. M., and Hueste, M. B. D., (2000). “Seismic performance of rehabilitated floor and roof diaphragms.” ST-8 Project Final Rep., Mid-America Earthquake Center, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
Simsir, C., Aschheim, M., and Abrams, D. (2002). “Influence ofdiaphragm flexibility on the out-of-plane response of unreinforced masonry bearing walls.” Proc., 9th North American Masonry Conf. (CD-ROM), Clemson, S.C.
Stoddard, R. P. (1946). Brick structures, How to build them, McGraw–Hill, New York.
Yi, T. (2004). “Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of an unreinforced masonry structure with flexible diaphragms.” Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
Yi, T., Moon, F., Leon, R., and Kahn, L. (2002). “Performance characteristics of unreinforced masonry low-rise structure before and after rehabilitation.” Proc., 7th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (CD-ROM), EERI, Boston.
Yi, T., Moon, F., Leon, R., and Kahn, L. (2003). “Structural analysis of a prototype unreinforced masonry low-rise building.” Proc., 9th North American Masonry Conf. (CD-ROM), Clemson, S.C.
Yi, T., Moon, F. L., Leon, R. T., and Kahn, L. F. (2006). “Analyses of a two-story unreinforced masonry building,” J. Struct. Eng. 132(5), 653–662.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 9, 2004
Accepted: Feb 17, 2005
Published online: May 1, 2006
Published in print: May 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Yan Xiao
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.