Seismic Performance of Steel Girder Bridges with Ductile Cross Frames Using Single Angle X Braces
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 3
Abstract
Ductile end cross frames have been proposed in the past as a seismic design and retrofit strategy for steel plate girder bridges. In this paper it is shown that with good connection details, single angles are able to undergo large cyclic deformations in excess of 6% average axial strain before failure occurs. Large-scale shake table experiments were performed on a straight steel I-girder bridge model to evaluate the performance of a superstructure with ductile end cross frames using single angle X braces. The cross frames exhibited no apparent overall strength degradation, but also a comparatively low postyield stiffness, allowing the cross frames to act as effective structural fuses. The measured base shear was 61% of the elastic base shear in response to 2.0 times the El Centro earthquake at an average drift of 3.4%. Large girder drifts were achieved without distress in the deck slab by removing selected studs between the slab and top flange of the girders at the end cross frame locations, with axial deformations in the angles well below their deformation capacity based on component experiments.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by the Federal Highway Administration through the Highway Project at the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering, University of Buffalo under Contract No. UNSPECIFIEDDTFH61-98-C-00094. Additional funding was provided by the California Department of Transportation under Contract No. UNSPECIFIED59Y564. Grateful acknowledgment is made to both agencies for their generous support.
References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (1996). Standard specifications for highway bridges, AASHTO, Washington, D.C.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (1998). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, Customary U.S. Units, 2nd Ed., AASHTO, Washington, D.C.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2002). Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, AISC, Chicago.
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). (1996). Steel bridge bearing selection and design guide—highway structures design handbook, Vol. II, Chap. 4, AISI, Washington, D.C.
Astaneh-Asl, A., Bolt, B., McMullin, K. M., Donikian, R. R., Modjtahedi, D., and Cho, S. (1994). “Seismic performance of steel bridges during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake.” Rep. No. UCB/CE-STEEL-94/01, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
Astaneh-Asl, A., Goel, S. C., and Hanson, R. D. (1985). “Cyclic out-of-plane buckling of double-angle bracing.” J. Struct. Eng., 111(5), 1135–1153.
Bruneau, M., Wilson, J. W., and Tremblay, R. (1996). “Performance of steel bridges during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) Earthquake.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 23(3), 678–713.
Carden, L. P., Garcia-Alvarez, F., Itani, A. M., and Buckle, I. G. (2005a). “Cyclic Behavior of Single Angles for Ductile End Cross Frames in Steel Girder Bridges.” Eng. J., in press.
Carden, L. P., Itani, A. M., and Buckle, I. G. (2005b). “Seismic load path in steel girder bridge superstructures.” Rep. No. CCEER 05-03, Univ. of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nev.
Carden, L. P., Itani, A. M., and Buckle, I. G. (2005c). “Seismic performance of steel girder bridge superstructures with ductile end cross frames and seismic isolation.” Rep. No. CCEER 05-04, Univ. of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nev.
Carden, L. P., Itani, A. M., and Buckle, I. G. (2006). “Seismic performance of Steel Girder Bridges with ductile cross frames using buckling restrained braces,” J. Struct. Eng., 132(3), 338-345.
DesRoches, R., Choi, E., Leon, R. T., Dyke, S. J., and Aschheim, M. (2004). “Seismic response of multiple span steel bridges in central and southeastern United States. II: Retrofitted.” J. Bridge Eng., 9(5), 473–479.
Goel, S. C., and Itani, A. M. (1994). “Seismic-resistant special truss-moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 120(6), 1781–1797.
Itani, A. M., and Rimal, P. P. (1996). “Seismic analysis and design of modern steel highway connectors.” Earthquake Spectra, 12(2), 275–296.
Jain, A. K., Hanson, R. D., and Goel, S. C. (1980). “Hysteretic cycles of axially loaded steel members.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 106(8), 1777–1795.
Sabelli, R. (2001). “Research on improving the design and analysis of earthquake-resistant steel-braced frames.” Technical Rep. No. PF2000-9, FEMA/EERI 2000 Professional Fellowship, Oakland, Calif.
Shinozuka, M., Ballantyne, D., Borcherdt, R., Buckle, I., O’Rourke, T., and Schiff, A., eds. (1995). “The Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of January 17, 1995 performance of lifelines.” Technical Rep. No. NCEER-95-0015, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, N.Y.
Zahrai, S. M., and Bruneau, M. (1998). “Impact of diaphragms on seismic response of straight slab-on-girder steel bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 124(8), 938–947.
Zahrai, S. M., and Bruneau, M. (1999a). “Cyclic testing of ductile end diaphragms for slab-on-girder steel bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(9), 987–996.
Zahrai, S. M., and Bruneau, M. (1999b). “Ductile end-diaphragms for seismic retrofit of slab-on-girder steel bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(1), 71–80.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 14, 2005
Accepted: Jun 27, 2005
Published online: Mar 1, 2006
Published in print: Mar 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Reginald DesRoches
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.