Coupled Dynamic Analysis and Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Buildings with Three-Dimensional Modes
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 131, Issue 7
Abstract
Buildings with either complex geometric shapes or structural systems with noncoincident centers of mass and resistance, or both, may undergo three-dimensional (3D) coupled motions when exposed to spatiotemporally varying dynamic wind loads. To capture the dynamic load effects, this paper presents a framework for the analysis of 3D coupled dynamic response of buildings and modeling of the equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs). This framework takes into account the correlation among wind loads in principle directions and the intermodal coupling of modal response components. The wind loading input for this scheme may be derived either from multiple point synchronous scanning of pressures on building models or through high-frequency force balance (HFFB) measurements. The ESWL for a given peak response is expressed as a linear combination of the background and resonant loads, which respectively reflect the fluctuating wind load characteristics and inertial loads in fundamental modes of vibration. The nuances of utilizing HFFB measurements for buildings with 3D coupled mode shapes are elucidated with a focus on the evaluation of the generalized forces including mode shape corrections, the background and resonant responses, and the associated ESWLs. Utilizing a representative tall building with 3D mode shapes and closely spaced frequencies, the framework for the analysis of coupled dynamic load effects and modeling of 3D ESWLs is demonstrated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgment
The support for this work was provided in part by NSF Grant No. CMS 00-85019. This support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (1999). Wind tunnel studies of buildings and structures, ASCE Manuals and reports on engineering practice No. 67, ASCE, New York.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2002). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-02, ASCE, New York.
Boggs, D. W., and Peterka, J. A. (1989). “Aerodynamic model tests of tall buildings.” J. Eng. Mech., 115(3), 618–635.
Chen, X., and Kareem, A. (2001). “Equivalent static wind loads for buffeting response of bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(12), 1467–1475.
Chen, X., and Kareem, A. (2004). “Equivalent static wind loads on tall buildings: New model.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(10), 1425–1435.
Davenport, A. G. (1967). “Gust loading factors.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 93, 11–34.
Davenport, A. G. (1985). “The representation of the dynamic effects of turbulent wind by equivalent static wind loads.” Proc. AISC/CISC Int. Symp. on Struct. Steel, Chicago, 3-1–3-13.
Davenport, A. G. (1995). “How can we simplify and generalize wind loads?” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 54–55, 657–669.
Der Kiureghian, A. (1980). “Structural response to stationary excitation.” J. Eng. Mech. 106(6), 1195–1213.
Flay, R. G. J., Yip, D. Y. N., and Vickery, B. J. (1999). “Wind induced dynamic response of tall buildings with coupled 3D modes of vibration.” Wind Engineering into 21st Century, Larsen, Larose, and Livesey, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., Copenhagen, Denmark, 645–652.
Holmes, J. D. (1994). “Along-wind response of lattice towers. Part I: Derivation of expression for gust response factors.” Eng. Struct., 16, 287–292.
Holmes, J. D. (1996). “Along-wind of lattice towers. Part III: Effective load distribution.” Eng. Struct., 18, 483–488.
Holmes, J. D. (2002). “Effective static load distributions in wind engineering.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90, 91–109.
Holmes, J. D., Rofail, A., and Aurelius, L. (2003). “High-frequency base balance methodologies for tall buildings with torsional and coupled resonant modes.” Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., 2381–2387.
Irwin, P. A., and Xie, J. (1993). “Wind loading and serviceability of tall buildings in tropical cyclone regions.” Proc., 3rd Asia-Pacific Symp. on Wind Engineering, Univ. of Hong Kong.
Kareem, A. (1985). “Lateral-torsional motion of tall buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 111(11), 2479–2496.
Kareem, A., and Cermak, J. E. (1979). “Wind tunnel simulation of wind-structure interactions.” ISA Trans., 18(4), 23–41.
Kareem, A., and Zhou, Y. (2003). “Gust loading factors—Past, present, and future.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 91(12–15), 1301–1328.
Kasperski, M. (1992). “Extreme wind load distributions for linear and nonlinear design.” Eng. Struct., 14, 27–34.
Kijewski, T., and Kareem A. (1998). “Dynamic wind effects: A comparative study of provisions in codes and standards with wind tunnel data.” Wind Struct., 1(1), 77–109.
Piccardo, G., and Solari, G. (2000). “Three-dimensional wind-excited response of slender structures: Closed-form solution.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(8), 936–943.
Reinhold, T. A., and Kareem, A. (1986). “Wind loads and building response predictions using force balance techniques.” Proc., 3rd Eng. Mech. Conf.—Dynamic Response of Structures, ASCE, New York, 390–397.
Repetto, M. P., and Solari, G. (2004). “Equivalent static wind actions on structures.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 100(7), 1032–1040.
Shimada, K., Tamura, Y., Fujii, K., and Wakahara, T. (1990). “Wind induced torsional motion of tall building.” Proc., 11th National Symp. Wind Eng., 221–226 (in Japanese).
Tallin, A., and Ellingwood, B. (1985). “Wind induced lateral-torsional buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 111(10), 2197–2213.
Tschanz, T., and Davenport, A. G. (1983). “The base balance technique for the determination of dynamic wind loads.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 13(1–3), 429–439.
Vickery, P. J., Steckley, A. C., Isyumov, N., and Vickery, B. J. (1985). “The effect of mode shape on the wind induced response of tall buildings.” Proc., 5th U.S. National Conf. Wind Eng., Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, Tex., 1B-41–1B-48.
Xie, J., Irwin, P. A., and Accardo, M. (1999). “Wind load combinations for structural design of tall buildings.” Wind Engineering into 21st Century, Larsen, Larose, and Livesey, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Wind Eng., Copenhagen, Denmark, 163–168.
Xie, J., Kumar, S., and Gamble, S. (2003). “Wind loading study for tall buildings with similar dynamic properties in orthogonal directions.” Proc., 11th Int. Conf. Wind Eng., Lubbock, Tex, 2390–2396.
Xu, Y. L., and Kwok, K. C. S. (1993). “Mode shape corrections for wind tunnel tests of tall buildings.” Eng. Struct., 15, 618–635.
Yip, D. Y. N., and Flay, R. G. J. (1995). “A new force balance data analysis method for wind response predictions of tall buildings.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 54/55, 457–471.
Zhou, Y., and Kareem, A. (2001). “Gust loading factor: New model.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(2), 168–175.
Zhou, Y., Kareem, A., and Gu, M. (2002). “Mode shape corrections for wind load effects.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(1), 15–23.
Zhou, Y., and Kareem, A. (2003). “Aeroelastic balance.” J. Eng. Mech., 129(3), 283–292.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 131 • Issue 7 • July 2005
Pages: 1071 - 1082
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Nov 11, 2003
Accepted: Sep 24, 2004
Published online: Jul 1, 2005
Published in print: Jul 2005
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Kurtis R. Gurley
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.