TECHNICAL PAPERS
Jan 16, 2004

Nonlinear Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures: State of the Art

Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 130, Issue 2

Abstract

This paper presents the current state of the art of nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete composite structures. The focus is on frame elements, which are computationally faster than continuum finite element models. First, section models are presented, with a review of resultant and fiber models and a discussion of possible practical applications. The presentation of frame elements follows. Models with lumped and distributed inelasticity, as well as models with perfect and partial connections are covered. Rigid and partially restrained joints are then reviewed and discussed at length. A discussion of the analysis of structural walls completes the presentation of the models. Modeling applications to the analysis of composite frames are also presented. This state-of-the-art review focuses on developments that have stemmed from the recently completed National Science Foundation sponsored U.S.-Japan program on composite and hybrid structures.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Ahmad, S. H., and Shah, S. P. (1982). “Stress-strain curves of concrete confined by spiral reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J., 484–490.
AISC. (1997). “Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings.” LRFD, Chicago.
AISC. (2001). “Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings.” LRFD, Chicago.
Alemdar, B. N., Taylor, J., White, D. W., and Leon, R. T. (1999), “Nonlinear analysis of buildings with partially-restrained composite (PRC) connections.” Proc., 1999 Structures Congress “Structural Engineering in the 21st Century,” ASCE, Reston, Va., 402–405.
Amadio, C., and Fragiacomo, M.(1993). “A finite element model for the study of creep and shrinkage effects in composite beams with deformable shear connections.” Costruzioni Metalliche, 4, 213–228.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2002). “Building code requirements for structural concrete.” ACI-318 Detroit.
ASCE. (1994) “Guidelines for design of joints between steel beams and reinforced concrete columns, STD in steel and concrete task committee on design criteria for composite structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 120(8), 2330–2357.
Ayoub, A., and Filippou, F. C.(2000). “Mixed formulation of nonlinear steel-concrete composite beam element.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(3), 371–381.
Azizinamini, A., Prakash, B., Prishtina, B., and Salmon, D. C. (1992). “New steel beam to column connection detail.” Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete II, W. S. Easterling and W. M. Roddis, eds., Engineering Foundation, New York, 854–868.
Bazant, Z. P., and Planas, J. (1998). Fracture and size effect in concrete and other quasibrittle materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Bolander, J., and Wight, J. K.(1991). “Finite element modeling of shear-wall-dominant buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 117(6), 1719–1739.
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC). (1997). “NEHRP recommended provisions for the development of seismic regulations for new buildings.” Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C.
Bursi, O. S., and Ballerini, M. (1996). “Behavior of a steel-concrete composite substructure with full and partial shear connection.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 23–28.
Charney, F. A. (1991). “Correlation of the analytical and experimental inelastic response of a 1/5-Scale seven story RC frame-wall structures,” Earthquake Resistant Concrete Structures: Inelastic Response and Design, ACI Special Publication No. 127, American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
Cheng, F. Y., Mertz, G. E., Sheu, M. S., and Ger, J. F.(1993). “Computed versus observed inelastic seismic low-rise RC shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(11), 3255–3275.
Chesi, C., and Schnobirch, W. C.(1991). “Three-dimensional effects in lateral behavior of frame-wall systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 117(2), 391–409.
Chiew, S. P., Lie, S. T., and Dai, C. W.(2001). “Moment resistance of steel I-beam to CFT column connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(10), 1164–1172.
Coleman, J., and Spacone, E.(2001). “Localization issues in force-based frame elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(11), 1257–1265.
Collins, M. P., Mitchell, D., and MacGregor, J. G.(1993). “Structural design considerations for high-strength concrete.” Concr. Int., 15(5), 27–34.
Colotti, V.(1993). “Shear behavior of RC structural walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(3), 728–746.
Cusson, D., and Paultre, P.(1994). “High-strength concrete columns confined by rectangular ties.” J. Struct. Eng., 120(3), 783–804.
Daniels, B. J., and Crisinel, M.(1993a). “Composite slab behavior and strength analysis. Part I: Calculation procedure.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(1), 16–35.
Daniels, B. J., and Crisinel, M.(1993b). “Composite slab behavior and strength analysis. Part II: Comparisons with test results and parametric analysis.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(1), 36–49.
de Borst, R., Feenstra, P. H., Pamin, J., and Sluys, L. J. (1994). “Some current issues in computational mechanics of concrete structures.” Computer modelling of concrete structures, Proc., EURO-C, H. Mang, N. Bićanić, and R. de Borst, eds., 283–302.
Deierlein, G. G., Sheikh, T. M., Yura, J. A., and Jirsa, J. O.(1989). “Beam-column moment connections for composite frames: Part 2.” J. Struct. Eng., 115(11), 2877–2896.
Eligehausen, R., Popov, E. P., and Bertero, V. V. (1983). “Local bond stress-strain relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-82-23, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
El-Tawil, S., and Deierlein, G. G.(1999). “Strength and ductility of concrete encased composite columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(9), 1009–1019.
El-Tawil, S., and Deierlein, G. G.(2001a). “Nonlinear analyses of mixed steel-concrete moment frames. Part I: Beam-column element formulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 647–655.
El-Tawil, S., and Deierlein, G. G.(2001b). “Nonlinear analyses of mixed steel-concrete moment frames. Part II: Implementation and verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 656–665.
El-Tawil, S., Kanno, R., and Deierlein, G. G. (1997). “Inelastic models for composite moment connections in RCS frames.” Proc., Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete III, C. Dale Buckner and Bahram Shahrooz, eds., ASCE, Reston, Va., 197–210.
El-Tawil, S., Kuenzli, C. M., and Hassan, M.(2002). “Pushover of hybrid coupled walls. Part I: Design and modeling.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(10), 1272–1281.
El-Tawil, S., and Kuenzli, C. M.(2002). “Pushover of hybrid coupled walls. Part II: Analysis and behavior.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(10), 1282–1289.
El-Tawil, S., Sanz-Picon, C. F., and Deierlein, G. G.(1995). “Evaluation of ACI-318 and AISC (LRFD) strength provisions for composite columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 34(1), 103–126.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” FEMA-356, Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C.
Griffis, L. G. (1992). “Composite frame construction.” Construction steel design: An international guide, P. J. Dowling, J. E. Harding, and R. Bjorhovde, eds., Elsevier, New York, 523–553.
Hajjar, J. F., and Gourley, B. C.(1996). “Representation of concrete-filled steel tube cross-section strength.” J. Struct. Eng., 122(11), 1327–1336.
Hajjar, J. F., and Gourley, B. C.(1997). “A cyclic nonlinear model for concrete-filled tubes. I: Formulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 123(6), 736–744.
Hajjar, J. F., Molodan, A., and Schiller, P. H.(1998a). “A distributed plasticity model for cyclic analysis of concrete-filled steel tube beam-columns and composite frames.” Eng. Struct., 20(4–6), 398–412.
Hajjar, J. F., Schiller, P. H., and Molodan, A.(1998b). “A distributed plasticity model for concrete-filled steel tube beam-columns with interlayer slip.” Eng. Struct., 20(8), 663–676.
Harries, K. A., Mitchell, D., Redwood, R. G., and Cook, W. D.(1998). “Nonlinear seismic response predictions of walls coupled with steel and concrete beams.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 25(5), 803–818.
Hasegawa, T., Yamanouchi, H., Nishiyama, I., Takuma, M., Izaki, Y., and Fukuchi, Y. (1988). “Feasibility studies on an advanced mixed system.” Proc., 9th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1, 53–58.
Hilmy, S. I., and Abel, J. F. (1985). “A strain-hardening concentrated plasticity model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of steel buildings.” Proc., NUMETA85, Numerical Methods in Engineering, Theory and Applications, 1, 303–314.
Jarrett, N., and Lennon, T. (1992). “Effects of connections on composite frames.” Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete II, W. S. Easterling and W. M. Roddis, eds., Engineering Foundation, New York, 913–926.
Kanaan, A. E., and Powell, G. H. (1973). “General purpose computer program for inelastic dynamic response of plane structures.” EERC Rep. No. 73-6, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Kanno, R. (1993). “Strength, deformation, and seismic resistance of joints between steel beams and reinforced concrete columns.” PhD thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Kanno, R., and Deierlein, G. G. (1996). “Seismic behavior of composite (RCS) beam-column joint subassemblies.” Proc., Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete III, C. D. Buckner and B. M. Shahrooz, eds., ASCE, Reston, Va., 236–249.
Kanno, R., and Deierlein, G. G. (2002). “Design model of joints for RCS Frames.” Proc., Composite construction in steel and concrete IV, J. F. Hajjar, M. Hosain, W. S. Easterling, and B. M. Shahrooz, eds., ASCE, Reston, Va., 947–958.
Kent, D. C., and Park, R.(1971). “Flexural members with confined concrete.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 97(7), 1969–1990.
Kim, W., and Lu, W. (1992). “Cyclic lateral analysis of composite frames.” Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete II, W. S. Easterling, and W. M. Roddis, eds., Engineering Foundation, New York, 367–381.
Kunnath, S. K., Reinhorn, A. M., and Lobo, R. F. (1992). “IDARC version 3.0, inelastic damage analysis of RC structures.” Technical Rep. No. NCEER-92-0022, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Lee, T., and Pan, A. D. E.(2001). “Analysis of composite beam-columns under lateral cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(2), 186–193.
Leon, R. T., and Ammerman, D. J.(1990). “Semi-rigid composite connection for gravity loads.” Eng. J., 27(1), 12–21.
Leon, R. T., and Forcier, G. P. (1992). “Parametric study of composite frames.” Connections in steel structures II, R. Bjorhovde et al., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Leon, R. T., and Shin, K. J. (1995). “Performance of semi-rigid frames.” Restructuring America and Beyond, Structure Congress XIII, M. Saneyi, ed., ASCE, Reston, Va., 1020–1035.
Liang, Q. Q., and Uy, B.(2000). “Theoretical study on the post-local buckling of steel plates in concrete-filled box columns.” Comput. Struct., 75(5), 479–490.
Liew, J. Y. R., Chen, H., and Shanmugam, N. E.(2001). “Inelastic analysis of steel frames with composite beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(2), 194–202.
Limkatanyu, S., and Spacone, E.(2002a). “Reinforced concrete frame element with bond interfaces. I: Displacement-based, force-based and mixed formulations.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(3), 346–355.
Limkatanyu, S., and Spacone, E.(2002b). “Reinforced concrete frame element with bond interfaces. II: State determinations and numerical validation.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(3), 356–364.
Mander, J. B., Priestly, M. N. J., and Park, R.(1988). “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 114(8), 1804–1826.
Martinez, S., Nilson, H. N., and Slate, F. O.(1984). “Spirally reinforced high-strength concrete columns.” ACI Struct. J., 81(5), 431–442.
McGuire, W., Gallagher, R. H., and Ziemian, R. D. (1999). Matrix structural analysis, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
Mehanny, S. S. F., and Deierlein, G. G.(2001). “Seismic damage and collapse assessment of composite moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(9), 1045–1053.
Menegotto, M., and Pinto, P. E. (1973). “Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and nonelastic behavior of elements under combined normal force and bending.” Proc., IABSE Symposium on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 112–123.
Mirza, S. A., Hyttinen, V., and Hyttinen, E.(1996). “Physical tests and analysis of composite steel-concrete beam-columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 122(11), 1317–1326.
Mirza, S. A., and Skrabek, B. W.(1992). “Statistical analysis of slender composite beam-column strength.” J. Struct. Eng., 118(5), 1312–1332.
Otani, S.(1980). “Nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete building structures.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 7(2), 333–344.
Parra-Montesinos, G., and Wight, J. K.(2001). “Modeling shear behavior of hybrid RCS beam-column connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(1), 3–11.
Pilakoutas, K., and Elnashai, A. S.(1995). “Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete cantilever walls, Part II: Discussions and theoretical comparisons.” ACI Struct. J., 91(4), 425–434.
Popovics, S.(1973). “A numerical approach to the complete stress-strain curves for concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 3(5), 583–599.
Ramberg, W. A., and Osgood, W. R. (1943). “Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters.” Technical Note No. 902, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
Ricles, J. M., Lu, L. W., and Peng, S. W. (1997). “Seismic behavior of concrete filled tube column-to-WF-steel beam moment connections.” Proc., Structures Congress XIV, ASCE, Reston, Va., 959–963.
Roik, K., and Bergmann, R. (1992). “Composite columns.” Constructional steel design: An international guide, P. J. Dowling, J. E. Harding, and R. Bjorhovde, eds., Elsevier, New York, 443–470.
Salari, M. R., Spacone, E., Shing, P. B., and Frangopol, D. M.(1998). “Nonlinear analysis of composite beams with deformable shear connectors.” J. Struct. Eng., 124(10), 1148–1158.
Salari, M. R., and Spacone, E.(2001a). “Finite element formulations of one-dimensional elements with bond-slip.” Eng. Struct., 23(7), 815–826.
Salari, M. R., and Spacone, E.(2001b). “Analysis of steel-concrete composite frames with bond-slip.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(11), 1243–1250.
Schneider, S. P. (1997). “Experimental behavior of connections to concrete-filled steel tubes.” Proc., Structures Congress XV, Building to Last, ASCE, Reston, Va., 954–958.
Scott, B. D., Park, R., and Priestley, M. J. N.(1982). “Stress-strain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates.” ACI J., 79(1), 13–27.
Sfakianakis, M., and Fardis, M. N.(1991). “RC column model for inelastic seismic response analysis in 3D.” J. Eng. Mech., 117(12), 2770–2787.
Shahrooz, B. M., Remmetter, M. E., and Qin, F.(1993). “Seismic design and performance of composite coupled walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(11), 3291–3309.
Shakir-Khalil, H.(1993a). “Pushout strength of concrete-filled steel hollow sections.” Struct. Eng., 71(13), 230–233.
Shakir-Khalil, H.(1993b). “Resistance of concrete-filled steel tubes to pushout forces.” Struct. Eng., 71(13), 234–243.
Sheikh, T. M., Deierlein, G. G., Yura, J. A., and Jirsa, J. O.(1989). “Beam-column moment connections for composite frames: Part 1.” J. Struct. Eng., 115(11), 2858–2876.
Shen, C., Mamaghani, I. H. P., Mizuno, E., and Usami, T.(1995). “Cyclic behavior of structural steels, II: Theory.” J. Eng. Mech., 121(11), 1161–1172.
Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L.(1995). “Influence of web reinforcement on the cyclic response of structural walls.” ACI Struct. J., 92(6), 745–756.
Spacone, E., Filippou, F. C., and Taucer, F. F.(1996a). “Fiber beam-column model for nonlinear analysis of R/C frames. Part I: Formulation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 25(7), 711–742.
Spacone, E., Filippou, F. C., and Taucer, F. F.(1996b). “Fiber beam-column model for nonlinear analysis of R/C frams. Part II: Application.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 25(7), 728-742.
Takeda, T., Sozen, M. A., and Nielsen, N.(1970). “Reinforced concrete response to simulated earthquakes.” J. Struct. Div., 96(12), 2557–2573.
Yong, Y., Nour, M. G., and Nawy, E. G.(1988). “Behavior of laterally confined high-strength concrete under axial loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 114(2), 332–351.
Zandonini, R., and Zanon, P. (1992). “Semi-rigid joint action in composite frames: Numerical analysis and design criteria.” Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete II, W. S. Easterling, and W. M. Roddis, eds., Engineering Foundation, New York, 397–412.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 130Issue 2February 2004
Pages: 159 - 168

History

Received: Sep 16, 2002
Accepted: Mar 19, 2003
Published online: Jan 16, 2004
Published in print: Feb 2004

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Enrico Spacone, A.M.ASCE
Professor, Dipt. PRICOS, Facoltà di Architettura, Univ. “G. D’Annunzio”, viale Pindaro 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy; formerly, Associate Proffessor, Dept. of CEA Engineering, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0428.
Sherif El-Tawil, M.ASCE
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2125 (corresponding author).

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share