Tests of Cold-Formed Circular Tubular Braces under Cyclic Axial Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 129, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper describes a series of tests to failure of fix-ended tubular braces subjected to cyclic concentric axial loading. The braces were made from cold-formed steel grade C350L0 (350 MPa nominal yield stress) circular hollow sections (CHS). Nine different diameter-to-thickness ratios in the range of that have a moderate member slenderness in the range of were tested. The effects of three loading protocols on the inelastic hysteresis behavior of the CHS braces were examined. The CHS braces exhibited stable hysteresis behavior up to local buckling, and then showed considerable degradation in strength and ductility depending on and ratios. First-cycle buckling loads were compared with design loads predicted using a number of steel specifications. The effects of section and member slenderness on strength, ductility, and energy absorption capacity of the braces were examined. The structure response factor (ductility index) was determined and used to derive new section slenderness limits suitable for seismic design.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (1997). Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, Chicago.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC-LRFD). (1999). Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings, Chicago.
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). (1996). Cold-formed steel design manual, Washington, D.C.
Anastasiadis, A., Gioncu, V., and Mazzolani, F. M. (2000). “New trends in the evaluation of available ductility of steel members.” 3rd Int. Conf. STESSA, F. M. Mazzolani and R. Tremblay, eds., Balkema, Montreal, 3–17.
Aoki, T., and Fukumoto, Y.(1983). “Strength distribution of concentrically compressed cold-formed welded steel tubular columns with small diameter.” Proc. JSCE,337(9), 17–26 (in Japanese).
ASCE. (2000). “Steel moment frames after Northridge.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(1) (Special Issue).
ASTM-A500. (1984). “Cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in rounds and shapes.” Philadelphia.
Canadian Standards Associations. (1989). “Steel structures for buildings, limit states design.” CAN-CSA S16.1.
Chen, W. F., and Ross, D. A.(1977). “Tests of fabricated tubular columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 103(3), 619–634.
DeWolf, J. T., Pekoz, T., and Winter, G.(1974). “Local and overall buckling of cold-formed members.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 100(10), 2017–2036.
ECCS. (1991). “Seismic design, European recommendations for steel structures in seismic zones, European convention for structural steel work.” ECCS-TWG 1.3, Brussels, Belgium.
El-Tawil, S., and Deierlein, G. G.(1999). “Strength and ductility of steel encased composite columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(9), 1009–1019.
Eurocode 3. (1992). “Design of steel structures, Part 1.1, general rules and rules for buildings.” ENV 1993 1-1.
Eurocode 8. (1996). “Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures, Part 1.1, general rules, seismic actions and general requirements for structures.” ENV 1-1.
Feeney, M. J., and Clifton G. C. (1995).” Seismic design of steel structures.” HERA Report, No. R4-76, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ghanaat, Y. (1980). “Study of x-braced frame structures under earthquake simulation.” Rep., UCB/EERC-80/8, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Grzebieta, R., Zhao, X. L., Purza, F. (1997). “Multiple low cycle fatigue of SHS subjected to gross pure bending deformations.” Proc., 5th Int. Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, T. Usami, ed., Nagoya, Japan, Vol. 1, 847–854.
Hasegawa, K., and Aoki, T.(1995). “An experimental study on buckling strength of centrally compressed cold-formed square and rectangular steel columns.” Jpn. J. Struct. Eng.,35(A), 199–206 (in Japanese).
Igarashi, S., and Inoue, I. (1973). “Memorandum on the Study of Braced Frames.” Q. Column, No. 49, October.
Jain, A. K., Goel, S. C., and Hanson, R. D.(1978). “Inelastic response of restrained steel tubes.” J. Struct. Eng., 104(6), 897–910.
Jain, A. K., Goel, S. C., and Hanson, R. D.(1980). “Hysteresis cycles of axially loaded steel members.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 106(8), 1777–1795.
Jain, A. K., Redwood, R. G., and Lu, F.(1993). “Seismic response of concentrically braced dual steel frames.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 20(2), 672–687.
Khan, L. F., and Hanson, R. D.(1976). “Inelastic cycles of axially loaded steel members.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 102(9), 947–959.
Krawinkler, H., Akshay, G., Medina, R. and Luco, M. (2000). “Development of loading histories for testing of steel beam-to-column assemblies.” Rep. prepared for SAC Steel Project, Dept. for Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ.
Maison, B. F.and Popov, E. P.(1980). “Cyclic response prediction for braced steel frames.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 106(7), 1401–1416.
New Zealand Standard. (1992). Standards New Zealand, code of practice for general structural design and design loading for buildings, and commentary, Part 1, 2.” NZS 4203, Wellington, New Zealand.
New Zealand Standard. (1997). “Standards New Zealand, steel structures standard, Part 1.” NZS 3404, Wellington, New Zealand.
Park, R.(1989). “Evaluation of ductility of structures and structural subassemblies from laboratory testing.” Bull. New Zealand Soc. Earthquake Eng.,22(3), 155–166.
Park, R., and Paulay, T. (1975). Reinforced concrete structures, Wiley, New York.
Pekoz, T. (1987). “Development of a unified approach to the design of cold-formed steel members.” Proc., 8th Int. Specially Conf. on Cold-formed Steel Structures, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Mo.
Popov, E. P., and Black, R. G.(1981). “Steel struts under severe cyclic loadings.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 107(9), 1857–1881.
Popov, E. P., Zayas, V. A., and Mahin, S. A.(1979). “Cyclic inelastic buckling of thin tubular columns.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 105(11), 2261–2277.
Prion, H. G. L., and Birkemoe, P. C.(1992). “Beam-column behavior of fabricated steel tubular members.” J. Struct. Eng., 118(5), 1213–1232.
Remennikov, A. M., and Walpole, W. R.(1997). “Analytical prediction of seismic behavior of concentrically braced steel systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(3), 859–874.
Rondal, J., Wuker, K-G., Dutta, D. M., Wardenier, J., and Yeomans, N. (1996). “Structural stability of hollow sections.”CIDECT Series on Construction with Hollow Steel Sections, No. 2, Verlag TUV Reinland, Cologne, Germany.
SAC Joint Venture. (1995). “Analytical and field investigations of buildings affected by the Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994.” Report SAC 95-04, Part 2.
Sherman, D. (1980). “Post local buckling behaviour of tubular strut type beam-columns: An experimental study.” Rep., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Sherman, D. R. (1989). “Cyclic and post-buckling behaviour of tubular beam-columns.” Proc., 3rd Int. Symposium on Tubular Structures, Lappeenranta, Finland, Elsevier Applied Science.
Sherman, D. R., Erzurumlu, H., and Mueller, W. H.(1979). “Behavioral study of circular tubular beam-columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 105(6), 1055–1068.
Sherman, D. R. and Sully, R. (1994). “Tubular bracing members under cyclic loading.” Proc., 4th Pacific structural steel conference, Singapore.
Standards Association of Australia. (1991). “Methods for tensile testing of metals,” AS 1391, Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia. (1991). “Structural steel hollow sections.” AS 1163, Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia. (1996). “Cold-formed steel structures.” AS/NZS 4600, Australian/New Zealand Standard, Sydney, Australia.
Standards Association of Australia. (1998). “SAA steel structures code.” AS 4100, Sydney, Australia.
Tremblay, R., (2000). “Influence of brace slenderness on the seismic response of concentrically braced frames.” Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas, Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. STESSA, F. M. Mazzolani and R. Tremblay, eds., Balkema, Montreal, 527–534.
Tsuji, B., and Kiagawa, Y. (1991). “Buckling and post-buckling strength of columns with a square hollow section.” Proc., 4th Int. Symposium on Tubular Structures, J. Wardenier and P. Shahi, eds., Balkema, Delft, The Netherlands, 364–371.
Usami, T., Banno, S., Zetsu, H., and Aoki, T.(1993). “An experimental study on elastic-plastic behaviour of compression members under cyclic loading—effect of loading program.” Jpn. J. Struct. Eng.,39A(3), 235–247 (in Japanese).
Usami, T., and Ge, H. B.(1998). “Cyclic behaviour of thin-walled steel structures, numerical analyses.” Thin-Walled Struct., 32(1/3), 41–80.
Usami, T., and Ge, H. B. (2000). “Failure predictions of thin-walled steel structures.” Proc., 7th Int. Symposium on Structural Failure and Plasticity, Implast 2000, X. L. Zhao and R. H. Grzebieta, eds., Balkema, Melbourne, 53–54.
Zayas, V. A., Popov, E. P., and Mahin, S. A. (1980). “Cyclic inelastic buckling of tubular steel braces.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-80/16, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Zhao, X. L., and Grzebieta, R.(1999). “Void-filled SHS subjected to large deformation cyclic bending.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(9), 1020–1029.
Zhao, X. L., Grzebieta, R., and Lee, C.(2001). “Void-filled cold-formed RHS braces subjected to large deformation cyclic axial loading.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(6), 746–753.
Zheng, Y., Usami, T., and Ge, H.(2000). “Ductility evaluation procedure for thin-walled steel structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(11), 1312–1319.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 129 • Issue 4 • April 2003
Pages: 507 - 514
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 10, 2002
Accepted: May 30, 2002
Published online: Mar 14, 2003
Published in print: Apr 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.