Toward Load and Resistance Factor Design for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Structures
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 129, Issue 4
Abstract
Advanced fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, which have been favored for certain aerospace, military, marine, and automotive applications, now are starting to be introduced in buildings, bridges, and other civil construction, where their desirable properties can enhance performance. A load and resistance factor design (LRFD) standard for composites would facilitate their use in civil infrastructure, creating a market for new FRP building materials by providing a basis for structural design that is comparable with existing LRFD standards for other common construction materials. Such a specification must take into account the distinguishing features of FRP composites: Their orthotropic nature, sensitivity to moisture, temperature, and ultraviolet effects, dependence of strength and stiffness on the rate of application and duration of structural loads, and uncertainties in their mechanical and structural properties. The structural reliability tools needed to develop an LRFD standard are at hand. However, at present, only rudimentary statistical databases required to support this development are available. If such databases were to become available in the near future, practical LRFD design criteria could be implemented for civil construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ad Hoc Committee on Serviceability Research. (1986). “Structural serviceability: A critical appraisal and research needs.” J. Struct. Eng., 112(12), 2646–2664.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (1994). “LRFD bridge design specifications.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA)/ASCE. (1996). “Standard for load and resistance factor design for engineered wood construction.” AF&PA/ASCE Standard 16-95, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
American Institute of Steel Construction. (AISC). (1993). “Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings.” American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago.
American Society of Civil Engineers. (ASCE). (2002). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE Standard 7-02, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Structural plastics manual. (1986). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (1993). “Standard specification for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for load and resistance factor design.” D 5457-93, Philadelphia.
Ballinger, C. (1991). “Development of composites for civil engineering.” Advanced Composites for Civil Engineering Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, 288–301.
Bank, L. C.(1989). “Flexural and shear moduli of full-section fiber reinforced plastic pultruded beams.” J. Test. Eval., 17, 40–45.
Bank, L. C. (1990). “Shear properties of pultruded glass FRP materials.” Serviceability and Durability of Construction Materials. Proc., 1st Materials Engineering Conf., Denver, ASCE, 834–843.
Bank, L. C., and Mosallam, A. S.(1992). “Creep and failure of a full size fiber reinforced plastic pultruded frame.” Composites Eng., 2(3), 213–227.
Bank, L. C., Nadipelli, M., and Gentry, T. R.(1994a). “Local buckling and failure of pultruded fiber-reinforced plastic beams.” J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 116, 233–237.
Bank, L. C., Mosallam, A. S., and McCoy, C. T.(1994b). “Design and performance of connections for pultruded frame structures.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 13, 199–211.
Bank, L. C.(1995). “Properties of pultruded fiber reinforced plastic structural members.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1223, 117–124.
Bank, L. C., Gentry, T. R., and Barkatt, A.(1995). “Accelerated test method to determine long-term behavior of FRP composite structures: Environmental effects.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 14, 559–587.
Barbero, E.(1991). “Pultruded structural shapes—from constituents to structural behavior.” SAMPE J.,27(1), 25–30.
Barbero, E., and GangaRao, H. V. S.(1991). “Structural applications of composites in infrastructure. I.” SAMPE J.,27(6), 9–16.
Barbero, E., and Tomblin, J.(1992). “Buckling testing of composite columns.” AIAA J., 30, 2798–2800.
Barbero, E. J., and Raftoyiannis, I. G.(1993). “Euler buckling of pultruded composite columns.” Compos. Struct., 24, 139–147.
Barbero, E. J., Lopez-Anido, R., and Davalos, J. F.(1993). “On the mechanics of thin-walled laminated composite beams.” J. Compos. Mater., 27(8), 806–829.
Chambers, R. E.(1997). “ASCE design standard for pultruded fiber-reinforced-plastic structures.” J. Compos. Constr., 1(1), 26–38.
Clarke, J. L., ed. (1996). Structural design of polymer composites—EUROCOMP design code and handbook, E&F Spon, Chapman and Hall, London.
Composites for infrastructure: A guide for civil engineers. (1998). Ray Publishing, Wheat Ridge, Colo.
Dolan, C. W.(1990). “Development of nonmetallic prestressing tendons.” J. Prestressed Concrete Inst.,35(5), 80–88.
Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J. G., Galambos, T. V., and Cornell, C. A.(1982). “Probability-based load criteria: Load factors and load combinations.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 108(5), 978–997.
Ellingwood, B., and Rosowsky, D. V.(1991). “Duration of load effects in LRFD for wood construction.” J. Struct. Eng., 117(2), 584–599.
Ellingwood, B.(1994). “Probability-based codified design: Past accomplishments and future challenges.” Struct. Safety, 13(3), 159–176.
Ellingwood, B.(1997). “Probability-based LRFD for engineered wood construction.” Struct. Safety, 19(1), 53–65.
Ellingwood, B., and Tekie, P. B.(1999). “Wind load statistics for probability-based structural design.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(4), 453–463.
Ellingwood, B. (2000). “Load and resistance factor design for structures using fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” NIST GCR 00-793, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 46.
Frye, M. J., and Morris, G. A.(1976). “Analysis of flexibly connected steel frames.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 2(3), 280–291.
Fubula, H., Katola, H., and Vesugi, H.(1995). “A modified procedure to measure bending strength and modulus of advanced composites by means of compression bending.” J. Compos. Mater., 29(2), 195–207.
Galambos, T. V., Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J. G., and Cornell, C. A.(1982). “Probability-based load criteria: assessment of current design practice.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 108(5), 959–977.
Green, A., Bisarnsin, T., and Love, E.(1994). “Pultruded reinforced plastics for civil engineering structural applications.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 13, 942–951.
Head, P. R., and Templeman, R. B. (1990). “Application of limit state design principles to composite structural systems.” Polymers and polymer composites in construction, L. Hollaway, ed., Thomas Telford, Ltd., London.
Head, P. R. (1996). “Advanced composites in civil engineering: A critical review at this high interest, low stage of development.” Advanced composites in bridges and structures, M. M. El-Badry, ed., Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, 4–13.
Holmes, M., and Rahman, T. A.(1990). “Creep behavior of glass reinforced plastic box beams.” Composites, 4, 79–85.
Hsiao, L.-E., Yu, W.-W., and Galambos, T. V.(1990). “AISI LRFD method for cold-formed steel structural members.” J. Struct. Eng., 116(2), 500–517.
Johnson, A. F., and Sims, G. D.(1989). “Performance analysis of pultruded composite sections.” Composite Polymers,22, 89–112.
Meier, U., Deuring, H., Meir, H., and Schwegler, G. (1993). “Strengthening of structures with advanced composites.” Alternative materials for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete, J. L. Clarke, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Press, Glasgow, 153–171.
Mosallam, A. S., and Bank, L. C.(1992). “Short-term behavior of pultruded fiber-reinforced plastic frame.” J. Struct. Eng., 118(7), 1937–1954.
Mosallam, A. S.(1995). “Connection and reinforcement design details for pultruded fiber reinforced plastic composite structures.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 14, 752–784.
Mottram, J. T.(1992). “Lateral-torsional buckling of a pultruded I beam.” Composites, 23(2), 81–92.
Mottram, J. T., and Zheng, Y.(1996). “State-of-the-art review of beam-to-column connections for pultruded frames.” Compos. Struct., 35, 287–401.
Ravindra, M. K., and Galambos, T. V.(1978). “Load and resistance factor design for steel.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 104(9), 1337–1353.
Razzaq, Z., Prabhakaran, R., and Sirjani, M. M.(1996). “Load and resistance factor design approach for reinforced-plastic channel beam buckling.” Composites, Part B, 27B(3–4), 361–369.
Rosner, C. N., and Rizkalla, S. H.(1995a). “Bolted connections for fiber-reinforced composite structural members: Experimental program.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 7(4), 223–231.
Rosner, C. N., and Rizkalla, S. H.(1995b). “Bolted connections for fiber-reinforced composite structural members: analytical model and design recommendations.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 7(4), 232–238.
Saadatmanesh, H.(1994). “Fiber composites for new and existing structures.” ACI Struct. J., 91(3), 346–354.
Scott, D., Lai, J., and Zureick, A. H.(1995). “Creep behavior of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites: A review of the technical literature.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 14, 588–617.
Seible, F. (1996). “Advanced composite materials for bridges in the 21st century.” Advanced composites in bridges and structures, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal.
Shinozuka, M.(1983). “Basic analysis of structural safety.” J. Struct. Eng., 109(3), 721–740.
Sims, G. D., Johnson, A. F., and Hill, R. D.(1987). “Mechanical and structural properties of a GRP pultruded section.” Compos. Struct., 8, 173–187.
Sonti, S. S., and Barbero, E. J.(1995). “Determination of shear properties for FRP pultruded composites.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 14, 390–401.
Tsai, S. W., and Hahn, H. T. (1980). Introduction to composite materials, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa.
Tsuji, Y., Kanda, M., and Tamura, T.(1993). “Applications of FRP materials to prestressed concrete bridges and other structures.” J. Prestressed Concrete Inst.,38(5), 50–58.
Turkstra, C., and Madsen, H.(1980). “Load combinations for codified design.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 106(12), 2527–2543.
Turvey, G. J.(1996). “Lateral buckling test on rectangular cross-section pultruded GRP cantilever beams.” Composites, 27B(1), 35–42.
Zureick, A., Kahn, L. F., and Bandy, B. J.(1995). “Tests on deep I-shape pultruded beams.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 14(4), 378–389.
Zureick, A., Yoon, S. J., and Scott, D. W.(1992). “Experimental investigation on concentrically loaded pultruded columns.” Textile Compos. Build. Construct.,92(2), 207–215.
Zureick, A. H., and Scott, D.(1997). “Short-term behavior of fiber-reinforced polymeric slender members under axial compression.” J. Compos. Constr., 1(4), 140–149.
Zureick, A.(1998). “FRP pultruded structural shapes.” Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater.,1(2), 143–149.
Zureick, A., and Steffen, R.(2000). “Behavior and design of concentrically loaded pultruded angle struts.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(3), 406–416.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 129 • Issue 4 • April 2003
Pages: 449 - 458
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 10, 2002
Accepted: Jun 6, 2002
Published online: Mar 14, 2003
Published in print: Apr 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.