Aspects of Cavitation Damage in Seismic Bearings
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 126, Issue 5
Abstract
Hyperelastic material models are derived from strain energy potentials expressed in terms of strain invariant or principal stretches. For a (nearly) incompressible material, the strain energy density depends on the first and second strain invariant; the third invariant describing a change in volume is equal to one. If the material is not highly confined it may be satisfactory to select an incompressible approach. However, for seismic bearings a highly confined situation does exist, and the compressibility must be included to obtain realistic results. Further, cavitation and associated stiffness reduction in bearings are shown based on experimental observations. In fact, it was noticed that a hydrostatic tensile stress in rubber causes internal rupture and a significant reduction in the bulk modulus. Thus, a hyperelastic formulation based on a variable bulk modulus does suggest a simple approach to realistically represent the mechanics of cavitation in rubbery solids.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ahmadi, H. R., Fuller, K. N. G., and Muhr, A. H., (1996). (1996). “Predicting response of non-linear high damping rubber isolating systems.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Elsevier Science Ltd.
2.
Busse, W. F. (1938). “Physics of rubber as related to the automobile.” J. Appl. Phys., 9, 438.
3.
Cho, K., and Gent, A. N. (1988). “Cavitation in model elastomeric components.” J. Mat. Sci., 23, 141.
4.
Crisfield, M. A. (1997). Nonlinear finite element analysis of solids and structures. Wiley, New York.
5.
European Commission. (1999). “Highly adaptable rubber isolating system (HARIS).” Final Tech. Rep. Contract #BRPR-CT95-0072, Project #Be-1258.
6.
Finney, R. H., and Kumar, A. ( 1987). Development of material constants for nonlinear finite-element analysis. Meeting Rubber Div., American Chemical Society, Ohio.
7.
Flory, R. W. (1961). “Thermodynamic relations for high elastic materials.” Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 829–838.
8.
Gent, A. N. ( 1990). “Cavitation in rubber: A cautionary tale.” Rubber Chem. Technol. No. 63, G49-G53.
9.
Gent, A. N., and Lindley, P. B. (1958). “Internal rupture of bonded rubber cylinders in tension.” Proc., Royal Soc., London, A249, 195.
10.
Gent, A. N., and Meinecke, E. A. (1970). “Compression, bending and shear of bonded rubber blocks.” Polymer Engrg. and Sci., 10(1), 48–53.
11.
Gent, A. N., and Tompkins, D. A. (1969). “Nucleation and growth of gas bubbles in elastomers.” J. Appl. Phys., 40(6), 2520–2525.
12.
Gent, A. N., and Wang, C. (1990). “Fracture mechanics and cavitation in rubber like solids.” J. Mat. Sci., 26, 3392.
13.
Kaliske, M. (1995). Zur Theorie und Numerik von Polymerstrukturen unter statischen und dynamischen Einwirkungen. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Statik der Universität Hanover, Hanover, Germany (in German).
14.
Kelly, J. (1997). Earthquake resistant design with rubber. Springer, London.
15.
Liu, C. ( 1994). “Traction of automobile tires on snow, an investigation by means of the finite element method,” PhD thesis, Inst. of Strength of Mat., Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
16.
Muhr, A. H. (1995). “Mechanical properties of elastomeric base isolators,” Proc., 10th Eur. Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Duma, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
17.
Ogden, R. W. (1972a). “Large deformation isotropic elasticity: On the correlation of theory and experiments for incompressible rubberlike solids.” Proc., Royal Soc., London, A326, 565–584.
18.
Ogden, R. W. (1972b). “Large deformation isotropic elasticity: On the correlation of theory and experiments for incompressible rubberlike solids.” Proc., Royal Soc., London, A328, 567–583.
19.
Pond, T. J. (1995). “Cavitation in bonded natural rubber cylinders repeatedly loaded in tension.” J. Natural Rubber Res., 10(1), 14–25.
20.
Simo, J., and Pister, K. S. (1984). “Remarks on rate constitutive equations for finite deformation problems.” Comp. Methods in Appl. Mech. and Engrg., 46, 201–215.
21.
Simo, J., and Taylor, R. L. (1991). “Quasi-incompressible finite elasticity in principal stretches, continuum basis and numerical algorithms.” Comp. Methods in Appl. Mech. Engrg., 85, 273–310.
22.
Trelor, L. R. G. (1975). The physics of rubber elasticity. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
23.
Van den Bogert, P. A. J., De Borst, R., Luiten, G. T., and Zeilmaker, J. (1991). “Robust finite elements for 3D-analysis of rubber-like materials.” Engrg. Computations, 8, 3–17.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Received: Jul 12, 1999
Published online: May 1, 2000
Published in print: May 2000
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.