Reinforcement of Masonry Walls Subjected to Seismic Loading Using Steel X-Bracing
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 124, Issue 8
Abstract
A design criterion is proposed for the seismic reinforcement of masonry stuctures by joining shear walls with steel X-bracing. The seismic response of the coupled system was investigated in the time domain by a step-by-step integration. Two suitable mechanical models for the shear walls and the X-bracing were used. A wide parametric analysis was performed varying the mechanical characteristics of the masonry walls as well as the X-bracing. Using 20 simulated ground motions the uncertainties related to the definition of seismic loading were taken into account. The results obtained established a structural design criterion based on the equivalent static lateral force method. Given this criterion, the structural factor of the steel X-bracing had to be reduced. This reduction was necessary due to the mixed matched interaction of the two different seismic behaviors. The reduction was based on a suitable coefficient, named the “coupling parameter.” This coefficient is given in specific graphs proposed for design purposes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Benedetti, D., and Castellani, A.(1980). “Dynamic versus static behaviour of a masonry structure under lateral loads.”Engrg. Struct., 2(3), 163–170.
2.
DT2. (1980). “Raccomandazioni per la riparazione strutturale degli edifici in muratura.” Legge Regionale 20 giugno 1977, n. 30, Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
3.
Eurocode 8. (1994). “Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures.” European Prestandard. ENV 1998.
4.
Haroun, N. M., and Shepherd, R.(1986). “Inelastic behavior of X-bracing in plane frames.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 112(4), 764–780.
5.
Higginbotham, A. B., and Hanson, R. D.(1976). “Axial hysteretic behavior of steel members.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 102(7), 1365–1381.
6.
Ikeda, K., and Mahin, S. A.(1986). “Cyclic response of steel braces.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 112(2), 342–361.
7.
Kahn, L. F., and Hanson, R. D.(1976). “Inelastic cycles of axially loaded steel members.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 102(5), 947–959.
8.
Maison, B. F., and Popov, E. P.(1980). “Cyclic response prediction for braced steel frames.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 106(7), 1401–1416.
9.
Meli, R.(1973). “Behavior of masonry walls under lateral loads.”Proc., 5th World Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Rome, Italy, 1, 853–862.
10.
Popov, E. P., and Bertero, V. V.(1980). “Seismic analysis of some steel building frames.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 106(1), 75–92.
11.
Popov, E. P., and Black, R. G.(1981). “Steel struts under severe cyclic loadings.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 107(9), 1857–1881.
12.
Popov, E. P., Mahin, S. A., and Zayas, V. A.(1980). “Inelastic cyclic behavior of tubular braced frames.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 106(12), 2375–2390.
13.
Prathuangsit, D., Goel, S. C., and Hanson, R. D.(1978). “Axial hysteresis behavior with end restraints.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 104(6), 883–910.
14.
Priestley, M. J. N., and Bridgeman, D. O. (1974). “Seismic resistance of brick masonry walls.”Bull. New Zealand Nat. Soc. Earthquake Engrg., 7(4).
15.
Priestley, M. J. N., and Elder, D.(1982). “Cyclic loading tests of slender concrete masonry shear walls.”Bull. New Zealand Nat. Soc. Earthquake Engrg., 15(1), 3–24.
16.
Shing, P. B., Noland, J. L., Klamerus, E., and Spaeh, H.(1989). “Inelastic behavior of concrete masonry shear walls.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 115(9), 2204–2225.
17.
SIMQKE user's manual. (1977). “A program for artificial motion generation.” Dept. of Civ. Engrg., MIT, Nov., Cambridge, Mass.
18.
Singh, P. (1977). “Seismic behavior of braces and braced steel frames,” PhD thesis, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
19.
Soroushian, P., Obaseki, K., and Choi, K. B.(1988). “Nonlinear modeling and seismic analysis of masonry shear walls.”J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 114(5), 1106–1119.
20.
Tassios, T. P. (1988). “Meccanica delle murature,” Liguori, ed., 1st Italian Ed., Napoli, Italy.
21.
Tomazevic, M., et al. (1986). “Seismic resistance of reinforced masonry walls.”Rep. No. ZRMK/IKPI-86/04, Inst. for Struct. and Earthquake Engrg., Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.
22.
Tomazevic, M.(1987). “Dynamic modelling of masonry buildings: Storey mechanism model as a simple alternative.”Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 15(6), 731–749.
23.
Tomazevic, M., and Modena, C.(1989). “Seismic behaviour of masonry buildings with a mixed structural system: earthquake simulator study of three-storeyed building models.”Eur. Earthquake Engrg., 3(1), 29–40.
24.
Turnsek, V., and Cacovic, F. (1971). “Some experimental results on the strength of brick masonry walls.”Proc., 2nd Int. Brick Masonry Conf., Stoke-on-Trent, April, 149–156.
25.
Turnsek, V., and Sheppard, P. (1980). “The shear and flexural resistance of masonry walls.”Proc., Int. Res. Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Skopje, 1980.
26.
Uniform building code. (1991). Int. Conf. of Build. Officials, Whittier, Calif.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 124 • Issue 8 • August 1998
Pages: 886 - 895
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Aug 1, 1998
Published in print: Aug 1998
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.