Hydraulic Analysis and Direct Design of Multiple Outlets Pipelines Laid on Flat and Sloping Lands
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 6
Abstract
Adequate hydraulic analysis of a multiple outlets pipelines is very important for the design and evaluation of irrigation systems. In this paper, an analytical direct design procedure for a single multiple outlets pipelines is presented. The proposed equations, taking into consideration the influence of local energy loss, are suitable for designing laterals and manifolds in both trickle and sprinkler irrigation systems, and can be applied for various types of outlet, different flow regimes, and uniform line slope ranges. In this analytical procedure, for any desired uniformity level and given design slope range with remaining known parameters, the pipe diameter and the pipe length can then be directly designed. For any desired uniformity level, the procedure also provides an opportunity to evaluate the influence of local energy loss, as well as the influence of different uniform line slopes on the pipe geometric characteristics (pipe size and length), and on the corresponding hydraulic variables (operating inlet pressure head, downstream end pressure head, and total energy loss). Comparison test with a revised step-by-step numerical method for various slope combinations indicated that the presented methodology produces sufficiently accurate results for various design cases in both trickle and sprinkler lateral design. The methodology is simple, easy to apply, and useful for hydraulic analysis and direct design of a multiple outlets pipelines in irrigation subunits.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writer thanks the editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable contributions to and criticisms of the content of the paper.
References
Al-Amoud, A. I. (1995). “Significance of energy losses due to emitter connections in trickle irrigation lines.” J. Agric. Eng. Res., 60(1), 1–5.
Anwar, A. A. (1999a). “Factor for pipelines with equally spaced multiple outlets and outflow.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 125(1), 34–39.
Anwar, A. A. (1999b). “Adjusted factor for pipelines with multiple outlets and outflow.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 125(6), 355–359.
Anwar, A. A. (2000). “Inlet pressure for horizontal tapered laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 126(1), 57–63.
Anyoji, H., and Wu, I. P. (1987). “Statistical approach for drip lateral design.” Trans. ASAE, 30(1), 187–192.
Bagarello, V., Ferro, V., Provenzano, G., and Pumo, D. (1997). “Evaluating pressure losses in drip-irrigation lines.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 123(1), 1–7.
Christiansen, J. E. (1942). “Irrigation by sprinkling.” California Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 670, Univ. of California at Davis, Davis, Calif.
Churchill, S. W. (1977). “Friction factor equation spans all fluid-flow regimes.” Chem. Eng. (New York, NY), 84(24), 91–92.
Cuenca, R. H. (1989). Irrigation systems design: An engineering approach, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Finnemore, E. J., and Franzini, J. B. (2002). Fluid mechanics with engineering applications, 10th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 745–754.
Hathoot, H. M., Al-Amoud, A. I., and Mohammad, F. S. (1993). “Analysis and design of trickle-irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 119(5), 756–767.
Hathoot, H. M., Abo-Ghobar, H. M., Al-Amoud, A. I., and Mohammad, F. S. (1994). “Analysis and design of sprinkler irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 120(3), 534–549.
Hathoot, H. M., Al-Amoud, A. I., and Al-Mesned, A. S. (2000). “Design of trickle-irrigation laterals considering emitter losses.” Irrig. Drain., 49(2), 1–14.
Jain, S. K., Singh, K. K., and Singh, R. P. (2002). “Microirrigation lateral design using lateral discharge equation.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 128(2), 125–128.
Jensen, M. E., ed. (1981). “Design and operation of farm irrigation systems.” ASAE Monograph, St. Joseph, Mich.
Juana, L., Rodriguez-Sinobas, L., and Losada, A. (2002a). “Determining minor head losses in drip irrigation laterals. I: Methodology.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 128(6), 376–384.
Juana, L., Rodriguez-Sinobas, L., and Losada, A. (2002b). “Determining minor head losses in drip irrigation laterals. II: Experimental study and validation.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 128(6), 385–396.
Juana, L., Losada, A., Rodrigoez-Sinobas, L., and Sanchez, R. (2004). “Analytical relationships for designing rectangular drip irrigation units.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 130(1), 47–59.
Kang, Y., and Nishiyama, S. (1996a). “Analysis and design of microirrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 122(2), 75–82.
Kang, Y., and Nishiyama, S. (1996b). “Design of microirrigation submain units.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 122(2), 83–89.
Kang, V., Yuan, B., and Nishiyama, S. (1999). “Design of microirrigation laterals at minimum cost.” Irrig. Sci., 28, 125–133.
Keller, J., and Karmelli, D. (1974). “Trickle irrigation design parameters.” Trans. ASAE, 17(4), 678–684.
Mahar, P. S. and Singh, R. P. (2003). “Computing inlet pressure head of multioutlet pipeline.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 129(6), 464–467.
Miller, D. S. (1990). Internal flow systems, BHRA, Cranfield, U.K., 189–203.
Provenzano, G., and Palau-Salvador, G. (2005). “Discussion of ‘Comparative analysis of hydraulic calculation methods in design of microirrigation laterals’ by G. Yıldırım and N. Ağıralioğlu.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 132(1), 82–85.
Provenzano, G., and Pumo, D. (2004). “Experimental analysis of local pressure losses for microirrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 130(4), 318–324.
Provenzano, G., Pumo, D., and Di Dio, P. (2005). “Simplified procedure to evaluate head losses in drip irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 131(6), 525–532.
Ravikumar, V., Ranganathan, C. R., and Santhana Bosu, S. (2003). “Analytical equation for variation of discharge in drip irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 129(4), 295–298.
Sarsfield, A. C. (1984). Irrigation technical manual: Engineering data, Irrigation Technical Services, Lafayette, Calif.
Scaloppi, E. J., and Allen, R. G. (1993). “Hydraulics of irrigation laterals: Comparative analysis.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 119(1), 91–115.
Swamee, P., and Jain, A. (1976). “Explicit equations for pipe-flow problems.” J. Hydr. Div., 102(5), 657–664.
Valiantzas, J. D. (1998). “Analytical approach for direct drip lateral hydraulic calculation.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 124(6), 300–305.
Valiantzas, J. D. (2002). “Continuous outflow variation along irrigation laterals: Effect of the number of outlets.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 128(1), 34–42.
Vallesquino, P., and Luque-Escamilla, P. L. (2001). “New algorithm for hydraulic calculation in irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 127(4), 254–260.
Vallesquino, P., and Luque-Escamilla, P. L. (2002). “Equivalent friction factor method for hydraulic calculation in irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 128(5), 278–286.
von Bernuth, R. D. (1990). “Simple and accurate friction loss equation for plastic pipe.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 116(2), 294–298.
von Bernuth, R. D., and Wilson, T. (1989). “Friction factors for small diameter plastic pipes.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 115(2), 183–192.
Warrick, A. W., and Yitayew, M. (1987). “An analytical solution for flow in a manifold.” Adv. Water Resour., 10, 58–63.
Warrick, A. W., and Yitayew, M. (1988). “Trickle lateral hydraulics. I: Analytical solution.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 114(2), 281–288.
Watters, G. Z., and Keller, J. (1978). “Trickle irrigation tubing hydraulics.” Presented at the Summer Meeting of ASAE, Paper No. 78-2015, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.
Wu, I. P. (1992). “Energy gradient line approach for direct hydraulic calculation in drip irrigation design.” Irrig. Sci., 13, 21–29.
Wu, I. P. (1997). “An assessment of hydraulic design of microirrigation systems.” Agric. Water Manage., 32, 275–284.
Wu, I. P., and Gitlin, H. M. (1974). “Drip irrigation design based on uniformity.” Trans. ASAE, 17(3), 429–432.
Wu, I. P., and Gitlin, H. M. (1975). “Energy gradient line for drip irrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., 101(4), 323–326.
Wu, I. P., and Yue, R. (1993). “Drip lateral design using energy gradient line approach.” Trans. ASAE, 36(2), 389–394.
Yıldırım, G. (2006a). “Analytical relationships for designing multiple outlets pipelines.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., (submitted).
Yıldırım, G. (2006b). “Discussion of ‘Experimental analysis of local pressure losses for microirrigation laterals’ by G. Provenzano and D. Pumo.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 132(2), 189–193.
Yıldırım, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2003). “Discussion of ‘Continuous outflow variation along irrigation laterals: Effect of the number of outlets’ by J. D. Valiantzas.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 129(5), 382–386.
Yıldırım, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2004a). “Linear solution for hydraulic analysis of tapered microirrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 130(1), 78–87.
Yıldırım, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2004b). “Comparative analysis of hydraulic calculation methods in design of microirrigation laterals.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 130(3), 201–217.
Yıldırım, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2005a). “Discussion of ‘Inlet pressure, energy cost, and economic design of tapered irrigation submains’ by J. D. Valiantzas.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 131(2), 220–224.
Yıldırım, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2005b). “Closure to ‘Linear solution for hydraulic analysis of tapered microirrigation laterals.’” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 131(5), 490–491.
Yıldırım, G., and Ağıralioğlu, N. (2006). “Closure to ‘Comparative analysis of hydraulic calculation methods in design of microirrigation laterals.’” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 132(1), 85–90.
Yitayew, M. (1989). “Head loss in manifolds or trickle lateral: Simplified approach.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 115(4), 739–743.
Yitayew, M., and Warrick, A. W. (1988). “Trickle lateral hydraulics. II: Design and examples.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 114(2), 289–300.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 6 • December 2006
Pages: 537 - 552
Copyright
© 2006 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 5, 2005
Accepted: Mar 17, 2006
Published online: Dec 1, 2006
Published in print: Dec 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.