A Penman for All Seasons
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 112, Issue 4
Abstract
Ten forms of the Penman combination evapotranspiration equation are reviewed and compared with lysimeter estimates at three locations. Aerodynamic and canopy resistance forms by Monteith and Thom and Oliver and an empirical form by Wright best predict daily lysimeter measurements at Kimberly, Idaho, and Coshocton, Ohio. Canopy resistances of 40–80 s/m and momentum roughness heights of 15 mm for clipped grass and 45–70 mm for tall grass and alfalfa result in best estimates by the Monteith and Thom‐Oliver methods. The original Penman and Priestley‐Taylor versions underestimated evapotranspiration in the arid Kimberly environment. Average standard errors of estimate of the best equations average about 0.8 mm/day over growing seasons.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allen, R. G., and Pruitt, W. O. (1986). “Rational use of the FAO Blaney‐Criddle Method.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 112(2), 139–155.
2.
Brutsaert, W. H. (1982). Evaporation into the atmosphere. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Boston, Mass.
3.
Burman, R. D., Nixon, P. R., Wright, J. L., and Pruitt, W. O. (1980). “Water requirements.” Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, M. E. Jensen, Ed., ASAE Monograph No. 3, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engrs., St. Joseph, Mich., 189–232.
4.
Businger, J. A. (1956). “Some remarks on Penman's equations for the evapotranspiration.” Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 4, 77–80.
5.
Campbell, G. S. (1977). An introduction to environmental biophysics. Springer‐Verlag, New York, N.Y.
6.
Cuenca, R. H., and Nicholson, M. T. (1982). “Application of Penman equation wind function.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 108(1), 13–23.
7.
Doorenbos, J., and Pruitt, W. O. (1977). “Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements.” FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, U.N. Food and Agr. Org.
8.
Hargreaves, G. H. (1983). Discussion of “Application of Penman wind function,” by R. H. Cuenca and M. T. Nicholson. J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 109(2), 277–278.
9.
Howell, T. A., Hatfield, J. L., Yamada, H., and Davis, K. R. (1983). “Evaluation of cotton canopy temperature to detect crop water stress.” Trans. ASAE, 26, 84–88.
10.
Jensen, M. E., Ed. (1974). “Consumptive use of water and irrigation water requirements.” Rep. by the Tech. Comm. Irrig. Water Requ., Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE.
11.
Jensen, M. E., Robb, D. C. N., and Franzoy, C. E. (1970). “Scheduling irrigations using climate‐crop‐soil data.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 96(1), 25–28.
12.
Kirkham, M. B., Johnson, D. E., Kanemasu, E. T., and Stone, L. R. (1983). “Canopy temperature and growth of differentially irrigated alfalfa.” Agr. Meteorol., 29, 235–246.
13.
Kohler, M. A., Nordenson, T. J., and Fox, W. E. (1955). “Evaporation from pans and lakes.” U.S. Dept. Com., Weather Bur. Res. Paper 38, Washington, D.C.
14.
Lemon, E. R., and Wright, J. L. (1969). “Photosynthesis under field conditions. XA. Assessing sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in a corn (Zea mays L.) crop using a momentum balance approach.” Agron. J., 61, 405–410.
15.
List, R. J. (1963). Smithsonian meteorological tables, 6th ed., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C., 527 pp.
16.
Monteith, J. L. (1965). “Evaporation and environment.” Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19, 205–234.
17.
Monteith, J. L. (1981). “Evaporation and surface temperature.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 1–27.
18.
Monteith, J. L. (1973). Principles of environmental physics. American Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, N.Y.
19.
Penman, H. L. (1948). “Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass.” Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A193, 120–146.
20.
Penman, H. L. (1963). “Vegetation and hydrology.” Techn. Comm. No. 53, Commonwealth Bureau of Soils, Harpenden, England.
21.
Penman, H. L., Angus, D. E., and van Bavel, C. H. M. (1967). “Microclimatic factors affecting evaporation and transpiration.” Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, Monograph No. 11, Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, Wisc., 483–505.
22.
Penman, H. L., and Long, I. F. (1960). “Weather in wheat.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 16–50.
23.
Priestley, C. H. B., and Taylor, R. J. (1972). “On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large scale parameters.” Mon. Weath. Rev., 100, 81–92.
24.
Pruitt, W. O., Morgan, D. L., and Lourence, F. J. (1973). “Momentum and mass transfers in the surface boundary layer.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 370–386.
25.
Sharma, M. L. (1985). “Estimating evapotranspiration.” Advances in irrigation, D. Hillel, Ed., Academic Press, Inc., 213–281.
26.
Steele, R. G. D., and Torrie, J. H. (1960). Principles and procedures of statistics with special reference to the biological sciences, McGraw‐Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y.
27.
Tanner, C. B., and Fuchs, M. (1968). “Evaporation from unsaturated surfaces: A generalized combination method.” J. Geophys. Res., 73(4), 1299–1304.
28.
Tanner, C. B., and Pelton, W. L. (1960). “Potential evapotranspiration estimates by the approximate energy balance method of Penman.” J. Geophys. Res., 65, 3391–3413.
29.
Thom, A. S. (1975). “Momentum mass and heat exchange of plant communities.” Vegetation and the atmosphere, J. L. Monteith, Ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
30.
Thom, A. S., and Oliver, H. R. (1977). “On Penman's equation for estimating regional evaporation.” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 345–357.
31.
van Bavel, C. H. M. (1966). “Potential evaporation: The combination concept and its experimental verification.” Water Resour. Res., 2, 455–467.
32.
van Bavel, C. H. M., and Ehrler, W. L. (1968). “Water loss from a sorghum field and stomatal control.” Agron. J., 60, 84–86.
33.
Wright, J. L. (1982). “New evapotranspiration crop coefficients.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 108(IR2), 57–74.
34.
Wright, J. L., and Brown, K. W. (1967). “Comparison of momentum and energy balance methods of computing vertical transfer with a crop.” Agron. J., 59, 427–432.
35.
Wright, J. L., and Jensen, M. E. (1972). “Peak water requirements of crops in southern Idaho.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 96(IR1), 193–201.
36.
Wright, J. L., and Lemon, E. R. (1966). “Photosynthesis under field conditions. IX. Vertical distribution of photosynthesis within a corn crop.” Agron. J., 58, 265–268.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 112 • Issue 4 • November 1986
Pages: 348 - 368
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 ASCE.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1986
Published in print: Nov 1986
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.