Near-Surface Wind-Induced Mixing in a Mine Lake
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 134, Issue 10
Abstract
Wind sheltering can have a strong effect in small, sheltered water bodies; wind-induced mixing in the surface layer of a small mine lake has been investigated using field measurements. Wind speed was recorded at three locations and data suggested sheltering by topography and surface roughness changes with both fetch and the land–water transition. Wind sheltering effects in the near-surface waters were assessed using turbulent microstructure profiler measurements, providing an estimate of the sheltering distance consistent with the literature on “backward-facing” steps. A numerical simulation of the annual density stratification cycle was then performed, using the model DYRESM. Simulations indicated that inclusion of a sheltering algorithm based on the results of the field campaign significantly improved the model’s performance in capturing the surface mixed layer deepening associated with strong wind events.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Centre for Sustainable Mine Lakes. Thanks go to the Field Operations Group at the Center for Water Research for their help with organizing and conducting field work, to Dr. Marco Ghisalberti for comments on an early draft, and to our three reviewers whose comments have significantly improved the manuscript.
References
Addad, Y., Laurence, D., Talotte, C., and Jacob, M. C. (2003). “Large-eddy simulation of a forward-backward facing step for acoustic source identification.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 24(4), 562–571.
Atkins, D., Kempton, J. H., Martin, T., and Maley, P. (1997). “Limnological conditions in three existing Nevada pit lakes: Observations and modeling using CE-QUAL-W2.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Acid Rock Drainage, Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 699–713.
Böhrer, B., Heidenreich, H., Schimmele, M., and Schultze, M. (1998). “Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost.” Int. J. Salt Lake Research, 7(3), 235–260.
Carter, G. D., and Imberger, J. (1986). “Vertically rising microstructure profiler.” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 3(3), 462–471.
Castro, J. M., and Moore, J. N. (2000). “Pit lakes: Their characteristics and the potential for their remediation.” Environ. Geol., 39(11), 1254–1260.
Dallimore, C. J., Imberger, J., and Ishikawa, T. (2001). “Entrainment and turbulence in a saline underflow in Lake Ogawara.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 127(11), 937–948.
Eary, L. E. (1999). “Geochemical and equilibrium trends in mine pit lakes.” Appl. Geochem., 14(8), 963–987.
Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters, Academic, New York.
Fisher, T. S. R., and Lawrence, G. A. (2006). “Treatment of acid rock drainage in a meromictic mine pit lake.” J. Environ. Eng., 132(4), 515–526.
Gargett, A. E. (1989). “Ocean turbulence.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 21, 419–451.
Gregg, M. C. (1999). “Uncertainties and limitations in measuring and .” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 16(11), 1483–1490.
Hamblin, P. F., Stevens, C. L., and Lawrence, G. A. (1999). “Simulation of vertical transport in a mining pit lake.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(10), 1029–1038.
Imberger, J. (1985). “The diurnal mixed layer.” Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(4), 737–770.
Imberger, J., and Ivey, G. N. (1991). “On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid. Part II: Application to lakes.” J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21(5), 659–680.
Imberger, J., and Patterson, J. C. (1981). “A dynamic reservoir simulation model—DYRESM:5.” Transport Models for Inland and Coastal Waters: Proc., Symp. on Predictive Ability, Academic, New York, 310–361.
Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM). (2002). “Vincenty’s inverse formula.” Geocentric datum of Australia technical manual, Version 2.2, Chap. 4, 15, ⟨http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/datums/calcs.jsp⟩ (Jul. 15, 2004).
Johnson, S. L., and Wright, A. H. (2003). “Mine void water resource issues in Western Australia.” Rep. No. HG9, Water and Rivers Commission, Resource Science Division, Perth, Western Australia.
Kantha, L., and Clayson, C. (2000). Small scale processes in geophysical fluid flows, International Geophysics Series, 67, Academic, New York.
Le, H., Moin, P., and Kim, J. (1997). “Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a backward-facing step.” J. Fluid Mech., 330, 349–374.
Lemckert, C. J., Antenucci, J. P., Saggio, A., and Imberger, J. (2004). “Physical properties of turbulent benthic boundary layers generated by internal waves.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(1), 58–69.
Luketina, D. A., and Imberger, J. (2001). “Determining turbulent kinetic energy dissipation from Batchelor curve fitting.” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18(1), 100–113.
Rubbert, S., and Kongeter, J. (2005). “Measurements and three-dimensional simulations of flow in a shallow reservoir subject to small-scale wind field inhomogeneities induced by sheltering.” Aquat. Sci., 67(1), 104–121.
Schultze, M., Duffek, A., Böhrer, B., and Geller, W. (2003). “Experiences in neutralizing acidic pit lakes by flooding with river water.” Mining and the Environment Conf., Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada, 56–61.
Simpson, R. L. (1989). “Turbulent boundary layer separation.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 21, 205–232.
Smith, M. J., Stevens, C. L., Gorman, R. M., McGregor, J. A., and Neilson, C. G. (2001). “Wind-wave development across a large shallow intertidal estuary: A case study of Manukau Harbour, New Zealand.” N.Z.J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 35(5), 985–1000.
Soloviev, A., and Lukas, R. (2003). “Observation of wave enhanced turbulence in the near-surface layer of the ocean during TOGA COARE.” Deep-Sea Res., Part I, 50(3), 371–395.
Song, S., DeGraaff, D. B., and Eaton, J. K. (2000). “Experimental study of a separating, reattaching, and redeveloping flow over a smoothly contoured ramp.” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 21(5), 512–519.
Stevens, C. L., Fisher, T. S. R., and Lawrence, G. A. (2005). “Turbulent layering beneath the pycnocline in a strongly stratified pit-lake.” Limnol. Oceanogr., 50(1), 197–206.
Stevens, C. L., and Lawrence, G. A. (1998). “Stability and meromixis in a water filled mine pit.” Limnol. Oceanogr., 43(5), 946–954.
Stevens, C. L., and Smith, M. J. (2004). “Temperature microstructure beneath surface gravity waves.” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 21(11), 1747–1757.
Terray, E. A., et al. (1996). “Estimates of kinetic energy dissipation under breaking waves.” J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26(5), 792–807.
Tihon, J., Legrand, J., and Legentilhomme, P. (2001). “Near wall investigation of backward-facing step flows.” Exp. Fluids, 31(5), 484–493.
Wilhelm, D., Hartel, C., and Kleiser, L. (2003). “Computational analysis of the two-dimensional–three-dimensional transition in forward-facing step flow.” J. Fluid Mech., 489, 1–27.
Wüest, A., and Lorke, A. (2003). “Small-scale hydrodynamics in lakes.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 35, 373–412.
Xenopoulos, M. A., and Schindler, D. W. (2001). “The environmental control of near surface thermoclines in boreal lakes.” Ecosystems, 4(7), 699–707.
Yang, Y., Straatman, A. G., and Martinuzzi, R. J. (2002). “A study of laminar flow in low aspect ratio lid-driven cavities.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 29(3), 436–447.
Yeates, P. S., and Imberger, J. (2003). “Pseudo two-dimensional simulations of internal and boundary fluxes in stratified lakes and reservoirs.” Int. J. River Basin Management, 1(4), 297–319.
Zdun, T. (2001). “Modelling the hydrodynamics of Collie Mining Void 5B.” Honours thesis, Center for Water Research, Univ. of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 134 • Issue 10 • October 2008
Pages: 1464 - 1472
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Jul 20, 2006
Accepted: Jan 23, 2008
Published online: Oct 1, 2008
Published in print: Oct 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.