Experimental Study of Surcharged Flow at Combining Sewer Junctions
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 12
Abstract
The results of a laboratory investigation on surcharged flow in combining sewer junctions are presented in this paper. Experiments were conducted in a model junction and the Edworthy model junction. The study confirmed the existence of three flow regimes in sewer junctions with a steep outgoing pipe: Regime I denotes the open-channel flow through the junction chamber; Regime II flow is partially surcharged flow featured by orifice flow into the outlet pipe; and Regime III flow is fully surcharged flow with all connecting pipes running full. The transition flow from Regimes II to III was investigated, and it may be related to the inlet waves at the entrance of the outlet pipe. Criteria for the transition were provided. Theoretical analyses were conducted based on one-dimensional momentum equation. The derived equations are able to estimate the water depth in the junction chamber. Energy loss in Regime III flow was studied and predictions based on the momentum equation were evaluated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to thank Mr. Rick Carnduff and Dr. Manas Shome of Stantec Consulting, and Mr. Ian Morley of the City of Calgary for introducing us to this interesting project. Financial support was provided by the City of Calgary, the City of Edmonton, and the NSERC. The writers are also thankful to Mr. Perry Fedun and Sheldon Lovell for the construction of the experimental arrangements, and Mr. Niguo Ye for help in the velocity measurements.
References
Del Giudice, G., and Hager, W. H. (2001). “Supercritical flow in 45 degree junction manhole.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 127(2), 100–108.
Gisonni, C., and Hager, W. H. (2002). “Supercritical flow in the junction.” Urban Water, 4(4), 363–372.
Hager, W. H. (1987). “Discussion of ‘Separation zone at open-channel junctions’ by J. L. Best and I. Reid.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 113(4), 529–543.
Hager, W. H., and Del Giudice, G. (1998). “Generalized culvert design diagram.” Urban Water, 124(5), 271–274.
Hsu, C.-C., Lee, W.-J., and Chang, C.-H. (1998). “Subcritical open-channel junction flow.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(8), 847–855.
Idel’chik, I. E. (1993). Handbook of hydraulic resistance, 3rd Ed., Begell House, New York, 413–428.
Marsalek, J. (1984). “Head losses at sewer junction manholes.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(8), 1150–1154.
Marsalek, J. (1985). Head losses at selected sewer manholes, National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Marsalek, J., and Greck, B. J. (1988). “Head losses at manholes at bend.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 15, 851–858.
Pedersen, F. B., and Mark, O. (1990). “Head losses in storm sewer manholes: Submerged jet theory.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(11), 1317–1328.
Ramamurthy, A. S., and Zhu, W. (1997). “Combining flows in junctions of rectangular closed conduits.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 123(11), 1012–1019.
Serre, M., Odgaard, A. J., and Elder, R. A. (1994). “Energy loss at combining pipe junction.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 120(7), 808–830.
Shabayek, S., Steffler, P., and Hicks, F. (2002). “Dynamic model for subcritical combining flows in channel junctions.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 128(9), 821–828.
Smith, C. D. (1995). Hydraulic structures, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, 50–51.
SonTek. (1997). Acoustic Doppler velocimeter technical documentation, version 4.0, SonTek, San Diego.
Wang, K. H., Cleveland, T. G., Towsley, C., and Umrigar, D. (1998). “Head loss at manholes in surcharged sewer systems.” J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 34(6), 1391–1400.
Weber, L. J., Schumate, E. D., and Mawer, N. (2001). “Experiments on flow at a open-channel junction.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 127(5), 340–350.
Yen, B. C. (1986). “Hydraulics of sewers.” Adv. hydrosci., Vol. 14, Academic, New York, 1–122.
Zhao, C. H., Zhu, D. Z., and Rajaratnam, N. (2004). “Supercritical sewer flows at a combining junction: A model study of Edworthy Trunk Junction, Calgary, Alberta.” J. Environ. Eng. Sci., NRC, 3(5), 343–353.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 12 • December 2006
Pages: 1259 - 1271
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 17, 2005
Accepted: Feb 7, 2006
Published online: Dec 1, 2006
Published in print: Dec 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.