Initiation of Stagnation in Drinking Water Storage Tanks
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 130, Issue 1
Abstract
Using temperature as a conservative tracer, the initiation of stagnation by buoyant jets was investigated in two drinking water storage tanks operated in fill-and-draw mode. The problem concerns the risk of water quality degradation caused by excessive ageing in stagnant zones. By measuring flow rates into the tanks and temperatures at several points, the initiation of stagnation could be related to the source parameters: the momentum flux and the buoyancy flux In agreement with previous studies, the results indicated that the jet/plume transition length scale, had to exceed a certain fraction of the depth in order to avoid stagnation resulting from stratification of the water mass. The study provides insights into the parameters governing initiation of stagnation and illustrates how stratifications generated by positive and negative inflow buoyancy can affect the water exchange.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Baines, W. D., and Chu, V. H. (1996). “Jets and plumes.” Environmental Hydraulics, V. P. Singh and W. H. Hager, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 7–61.
Baines, W. D., Turner, J. S., and Campbell, I. H.(1990). “Turbulent fountains in an open chamber.” J. Fluid Mech., 212, 557–592.
Chen, C. J., and Rodi, W. (1980). Vertical turbulent buoyant jets: A review of experimental data, Pergamon, Oxford, England.
Chuo, P. Y., Ball, J. E., and Fisher, I. H. (2001). “Thermal stratification in drinking water service reservoirs.” Proc., 6th Conf. on Hydraulics in Civil Engineering, 28–30 November, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 159–167.
Gauthier, V., Besner, M.-C., Barbeau, B., Millette, R., and Prévost, M.(2000). “Storage tank management to improve drinking water quality: Case study.” J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., 126(4), 221–228.
Grayman, W. M., Rossman, L. A., Clifford, A., Deininger, R. A., Smith, C., Smith, J. F., and Schnipke, R. (2000). “Water quality modeling of distribution system storage facilities.” AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver.
Hammer, D., and Marotz, G.(1986). “Improvement of water exchange in drinking-water reservoirs by hydraulic measures.” Wasserwirtschaft, 76(4), 145–150.
Jayanti, S.(2001). “Hydrodynamics of jet mixing in vessels.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 56(1), 193–210.
Jirka, G. H., and Doneker, R. L.(1991). “Hydrodynamic classification of submerged single-port discharges.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 117(9), 1094–1112.
Kernes, A., Nakache, F., Deguin, A., and Feinberg, M.(1995). “The effects of water residence time on the biological quality in a distribution network.” Water Res., 29(7), 1719–1727.
Kirmeyer, G. J., Kirby, L., Murphy, B. M., Noran, P. F., Martel, K. D., Lund, T. W., Anderson, J. L., and Medhurst, R. (1999). “Maintaining water quality in finished water storage facilities.” AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver.
List, E. J. (1982). “Mechanics of turbulent buoyant jets and plumes.” Turbulent buoyant jets and plumes, W. Rodi, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, U.K., 1–68.
Pantzlaff, L., and Lueptow, R. M.(1999). “Transient positively and negatively buoyant turbulent round jets.” Exp. Fluids, 27, 117–125.
Patwardhan, A. W.(2002). “CFD modeling of jet mixed tanks.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 57(8), 1307–1318.
Roberts, P. J. W., and Toms, G.(1987). “Inclined dense jets in flowing current.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 113(3), 323–341.
Rossman, L. A., and Grayman, W. M.(1999). “Scale-model studies of mixing in drinking water storage tanks.” J. Environ. Eng., 125(8), 755–761.
Unesco. (1981). “Tenth report of the joint panel on oceanographic tables and standards.” 36, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, 36, 1–5 September 1980, sponsored by Unesco, ICES, SCOR, IAPSO, Sidney, B. C., Canada.
Zhang, H., and Baddour, R. E.(1998). “Maximum penetration of vertical round dense jets at small and large Froude numbers.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(5), 550–553.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 130 • Issue 1 • January 2004
Pages: 49 - 57
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 13, 2002
Accepted: Jun 10, 2003
Published online: Dec 15, 2003
Published in print: Jan 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.