Measurement of Bed Load Velocity using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 5
Abstract
A new technique has been developed to measure the apparent velocity of bed load using an acoustic Doppler current profiler. The technique involves estimating the bias in bottom tracking due to a moving bottom. Mean measured at sampling stations in the gravel-bed Fraser River correlated well with mean bed load transport rates measured using conventional samplers. Mean was also correlated with boundary shear stress estimated by a log-law fit to the mean velocity profile. Estimates of from individual 5 s ensemble averages were extremely variable: the coefficient of variation for a sampling station ranged from 1.0 to 6.4, and 25 min of sampling were required to achieve stable estimates of the mean and coefficient of variation (within 5% error). Variance was due to both real temporal variability of transport and measurement error. The mechanisms that produce this variability are discussed and preliminarily quantified.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bathurst, J. C., Thorne, C. R., and Hey, R. D.(1977). “Direct measurements of secondary currents in river bends.” Nature (London), 269, 504–506.
Bishop, G. C., and Smith, J.(1999). “Scattering from rigid and soft targets near a planar boundary: Numerical results.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 105(1), 130–143.
Brumley, B. H., Cabrera, K. L. D., and Terray, E. A.(1991). “Performance of a broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler.” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 16(4), 402–407.
Callede, J., Kosuth, P., Guyot, J.-L., and Guimaraes, V. S.(2000). “Discharge determination by acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP): A moving bottom error correction method and its application on the River Amazon at Obidos.” Hydrol. Sci. J., 45(6), 911–924.
Einstein, H. A. (1937). “Bed load transport as a probability problem.” DSc, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, translated by W. W. Sayre in Sedimentation: Symposium to Honor Professor H. A. Einstein, 1971, H. W. Shen, ed., Colorado State Univ., C1–C105.
Environment Canada (1996). “HYDAT version 96-1.05.8, surface water and sediment data.” Atmospheric Environment Service.
Gaunard, G. C., and Huang, H.(1996). “Sound scattering by a spherical object near a hard flat bottom.” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 43(4), 690–700.
Glysson, G. D. G. (1993). “U.S. geological survey bedload sampling policy.” Hydraul. Eng. ’93, Part 1, 701–706.
Gomez, B., Naff, R. L., and Hubbell, D. W.(1989). “Temporal variations in bedload transport rates associated with the migration of bedforms.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 14, 135–156.
Gordon, R. L. (1996). Acoustic Doppler current profiler principles of operation: A practical primer, RD Instruments, San Diego, Calif.
Hansen, D. S.(1986). “Oceanic incoherent Doppler sonar spectral analysis by conventional and finite-parameter modeling methods.” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., OE-11(1), 26–41.
Haschenburger, J. K., and Church, M.(1988). “Bed material transport estimated from the virtual velocity of sediment.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 23, 791–808.
Hay, A. E.(1991). “Sound scattering from a particle-laden turbulent jet.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 90(4), 2055–2074.
He, C., and Hay, A. E.(1993). “Broadband measurements of the acoustic backscatter cross section of sand particles in suspension.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 94(4), 2247–2254.
Helley, E. J., and Smith, W. (1971). “Development and calibration of a pressure-difference bedload sampler.” U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, Menlo Park, Calif.
Joyce, T. M.(1989). “On in situ ‘calibration’ of shipboard ADCPs.” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 6, 169–172.
Klingeman, P. C., and Milhous, R. T.(1971). “Oak Creek vortex bed-load sampler.” EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 52(5), 434.
Kolb, M. (1995). “Experiences with vessel borne ADCPs in shallow waters.” Proc., IEEE Fifth Working Conference on Current Measurement, IEEE, 79–82.
Kuhnle, R. A., and Southard, J. B.(1988). “Bed load transport fluctuations in a gravel bed laboratory channel.” Water Resour. Res., 24(2), 247–260.
Lowe, R. L., Inman, D. L., and Drake, T. G.(1991). “A bedload sensor for wave and current regimes.” EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 72(44), 230.
McLean, D. G., Church, M., and Tassone, B.(1999). “Sediment transport along lower Fraser River: 1. Measurements and hydraulic computations.” Water Resour. Res., 35(8), 2533–2548.
McLean, D. G., and Tassone, B. (1987). “Discussion of ‘Bed load sampling and analysis.’ ” Sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers, C. R. Thorne, J. Bathurst, and R. Hey, D., eds., Wiley, New York, 109–113.
Medwin H., and Clay, C. S. (1998). Fundamentals of acoustical oceanography, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
Montgomery, D. C., and Peck, E. A. (1982). Introduction to linear regression analysis, Wiley, New York.
Novak, P. (1957) “Bed load meters—Development of a new type and determination of their efficiency with the aid of scale models.” Proc., Trans. Int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res. 7th General Meeting, Lisbon, A9-1–A9-11.
Polonichko, V. (2000). SonTek, San Diego, Calif.
Reid, I., Layman, J. T., and Frostick, L. E.(1980). “The continuous measurement of bedload discharge.” J. Hydraul. Res., 18, 243–249.
Rennie, C. D., and Millar, R. G. (2001). “Measurements of gravel bedload transport velocity using an acoustic Doppler profiler.” Gravel-bed Rivers 2000 CD-ROM, T. Nolan, and C. Thorne, eds., Special Publication of the New Zealand Hydrological Society.
Rennie C. D., Millar, R. G., and Villard, P. V. (2001). “Laboratory measurements of bedload transport velocity using an acoustic Doppler current profiler.” 15th Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CD-ROM). Balachandar, R., ed., May 30–June 2, Victoria, BC, 8 p.
Shen, C., and Lemmin, U.(1999). “Application of an acoustic particle flux profiler in particle-laden open-channel flow.” J. Hydraul. Res., 37(3), 407–419.
SonTek (1998). SonTek ADP™ Acoustic Doppler Profiler Technical Documentation, SonTek, San Diego, Calif.
Sutton, D. W., and Jaffe, J. S.(1992). “Acoustic bedload velocity estimates using a broadband pulse–pulse time correlation technique.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92(3), 1692–1698.
Taylor, J. A., Vincent, C. E., Thorne, P. D., Hardcastle, P. J., Humphrey, V. F., Zhang, J. D., Schaafsma, A., Dohmen-Janseen, C. M., and Perennes, M. (1998). “Three-dimensional sediment transport measurements by acoustics (TRIDISMA).” Proc., Oceans Conf., 2, 1108–1114.
Theriault, K. B.(1986a). “Incoherent multibeam Doppler current profiler performance: Part I—Estimate variance.” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., OE-11(1), 7–15.
Theriault, K. B.(1986b). “Incoherent multibeam Doppler current profiler performance: Part II—Spatial response.” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., OE-11(1), 16–25.
Thorne, P. D., Waters, K. R., and Brudner, T. J.(1995). “Acoustic measurements of scattering by objects of irregular shape.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 97(1), 242–251.
Weisstein, E. W. (1999). CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics, Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.
Yalin, S. M. (1972). Mechanics of sediment transport, Pergamon, Oxford.
Zar, J. H. (1996). Biostatistical analysis, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Zedel, L., and Hay, A. E.(1999). “A coherent Doppler profiler for high-resolution particle velocimetry in the ocean: Laboratory measurements for turbulence and particle flux.” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 16, 1102–1117.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 128 • Issue 5 • May 2002
Pages: 473 - 483
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 20, 2001
Accepted: Oct 25, 2001
Published online: Apr 15, 2002
Published in print: May 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.