Surface Roughness for Shallow Overland Flow on Crushed Stone Surfaces
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 1
Abstract
Results of laboratory experiments carried out to determine the effective surface roughness for shallow overland flow as a function of the runoff rate, roughness element height, and underlying soil condition are presented. This work was conducted to extend the understanding of the mechanics of shallow overland flows based on the relationships between the Reynolds number, Froude number, and surface resistance over a wide range of conditions. Results exhibit a strong dependence of the effective roughness on the ratio between the depth of flow and the height of the roughness element, and a strong inverse relationship was found between Manning's n (and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f) and the Froude number. Three distinct subcritical flow regimes were identified: (1) Submerged flow (R < 300); (2) sheet flow (R > 1,200); and (3) transitional (partially submerged) flow (300 < R < 1,200). Analysis and synthesis of laboratory data allowed relationships between the Reynolds and Froude numbers, and Manning's n, which are suitable for practical engineering applications, to be established in this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Arcement, G. J., Jr. and Schneider, V. R. ( 1989). “Guide for selecting Manning's roughness coefficients for natural channels and flood plains.” USGS Water-Supply Paper 2339, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
2.
Barros, A. P., and Colello, J. ( 1998). “Determination of Manning's n roughness coefficient for surface runoff flow on crushed stone.” APS R&D Project No. RP 97-30, Envir. Resour. Res. Inst., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.
3.
Barros, A. P., Knapton, D., Wang, M. C., and Kuo, C. Y. (1999). “Runoff in shallow soils under laboratory conditions.”J. Hydrologic Engrg., ASCE, 4(1), 28–37.
4.
Bear, J. ( 1966). Dynamics of fluids in porous media, Dover, New York.
5.
Chen, C.-L. (1976). “Flow resistance in broad shallow grassed channels.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 102(3), 307–322.
6.
Chow, V. T. ( 1959). Open-channel hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
7.
Emmett, W. W. ( 1970). “The hydraulics of overland flow on hillslopes.” USGS Profl. Paper 662-A, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
8.
Emmett, W. W. ( 1978). “Overland flow.” Chapter 5, Hillslope hydrology, M. J. Kirkby, ed., Wiley, New York, 145–176.
9.
Engman, E. T. (1986). “Roughness coefficients for routing surface runoff.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE 112(1), 39–53.
10.
Fox, J. A. ( 1974). An introduction to engineering fluid mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
11.
Gilley, J. E., Flanagan, D. C., Kottwitz, E. R., and Weltz, M. A. ( 1992). “Darcy-Weisbach roughness coefficients for overland flow.” Overland flow, A. J. Parsons and A. D. Abrahams, eds., Chapman & Hall, New York, 25–52.
12.
Henderson, F. M. ( 1966). Open channel flow, Macmillan, New York.
13.
Horton, R. E., Leach, H. R., and Van Vliet, R. ( 1934). “Laminar sheet flow.” Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 15(2), 393–404.
14.
House, H. ( 1946). Elementary mechanics of fluids, Dover, New York.
15.
Hubbard, E. F., Kilpatrick, F. A., Martens, L. A., and Wilson, J. F., Jr. ( 1982). “Measurement of time of travel and dispersion in streams by dye tracing.” Chapter A9, Techniques of water-resources investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Book 3, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1–44.
16.
Maheshwari, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (1992). “Modeling shallow overland flow in surface irrigation.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 118(2), 201–217.
17.
Mitchell, J. K. ( 1993). Fundamentals of soil behavior, Wiley Interscience, New York.
18.
Mohamoud, Y. M. ( 1992). “Evaluating Manning's roughness coefficients for tilled soils.” J. Hydro., Amsterdam, 135, 143–156.
19.
Palmer, V. J., and Ree, W. O. ( 1954). Handbook of channel design for soil and water conservation, SCS-TP-61, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
20.
Ponce, V. M. ( 1989). Engineering hydrology, principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
21.
Ree, W. O., Wimberly, F. L., and Crow, F. R. ( 1977). “Manning's n and the overland flow equation.” Trans. ASAE, 20(1), 89–95.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 127 • Issue 1 • January 2001
Pages: 38 - 52
History
Received: Feb 18, 1999
Published online: Jan 1, 2001
Published in print: Jan 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.