Algorithm for Resistance to Flow and Transport in Sand-Bed Channels
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 121, Issue 8
Abstract
An algorithm is developed that relates depth to discharge and determines bed- and suspended-load transport for the entire range of bed forms found in sand-bed channels; equilibrium-state geometry of lower flow regime bedforms is also predicted. Grain shear stress and form resistance are differentiated using a drag coefficient closure and a two-segment logarithmic velocity profile. A Meyer-Peter-type formulation is used to compute sand transport in the bed-load layer and for computing suspended sand transport, McLean's procedure of 1991 and 1992 is adopted. A bed-form classification scheme is developed that uses a particle size parameter and the transport strength to predict bed-form type; it correctly identifies 73% of the 1,192 mostly flume-scale calibration data sets. For 194 sets of dune-transition bed-form calibration data, a modified version of van Rijn's 1984 bed-form geometry predictor yields a geometric average predicted to observed height ratio of 1.00. After calibration, the algorithm produces overall geometric averages of predicted to observed depth and predicted to observed transport of 1.00. For a verification data set of 855 observations, mostly from rivers and canals, the overall geometric averages of predicted to observed depth and transport are 0.87 and 1.14.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ackers, P., and White, R. W.(1973). “Sediment transport: a new approach and analysis.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 99(11), 2041–2060.
2.
ASCE.(1966). “Nomenclature for bedforms in alluvial channels; report of the Task Force on Bedforms in Alluvial Channels.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 92(3), 51–64.
3.
Brownlie, W. R. (1981). “Compilation of alluvial channel data: laboratory and field.”Rep. No. KH-R-43B, W. M. Keck Lab. of Hydr. and Water Resour., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, Calif.
4.
Brownlie, W. R.(1983). “Flow depth in sand-bed channels.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 109(7), 959–990.
5.
Chang, H. H. (1988). Fluvial processes in river engineering . John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
6.
Culbertson, J. K., and Dawdy, D. R. (1964). “A study of fluvial characteristics and hydraulic variables Middle Rio Grande New Mexico.”U.S. Geol. Surv. WSP 1498-f, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
7.
Einstein, H. A. (1950). “The bed-load function for sediment transportation in open channel flows.”Tech. Bull. No. 1026, USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
8.
Einstein, H. A., and Barbarossa, N. L. (1952). “River channel roughness.”Trans., ASCE, Vol. 117, 1121–1146.
9.
Engelund, F.(1966). “Hydraulic resistance of alluvial streams.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 92(2), 315–326.
10.
Engelund, F. (1967). `'Hydraulic resistance of alluvial streams; closure.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 93(4), 315–326.
11.
Engelund, F., and Hansen, E. (1967). A monograph on sediment transport in alluvial streams. Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Copenhagen.
12.
Garcia, M., and Parker, G.(1991). “Entrainment of bed sediment into suspension.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 117(4), 414–435.
13.
Guy, H. P., Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V. (1966). “Summary of alluvial channel data from flume experiments, 1956–61.”U.S. Geol. Surv. PP 462-1, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
14.
Jordan, P. R. (1965). “Fluvial sediment of the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri.”U.S. Geol. Surv. WSP 1802, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
15.
Julien, P. Y. (1992). “Study of bedform geometry in large rivers.”Rep. Q1386, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.
16.
Li, M. Z. (1994). “Direct skin friction measurements and stress partitioning over movable sand ripples.”J. Geophys. Res., 99(C1), 791–799.
17.
McLean, S. R.(1991). “Depth-integrated suspended-load calculations.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 117(11), 1440–1458.
18.
McLean, S. R. (1992). “On the calculation of suspended load for noncohesive sediments.”J. Geophys. Res., 97(C4), 5759– 5770.
19.
McLean, S. R., and Smith, J. D.(1986). “A model for flow over two-dimensional bedforms.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 112(4), 300–320.
20.
Meyer-Peter, E., and Müller, R. (1948). “Formulas for bed-load transport.”Proc., 2nd Congress IAHR, IAHR, Stockholm, Sweden, 39–64.
21.
Nakato, T.(1984). “Numerical integration of Einstein's integrals.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 110(12), 1863–1868.
22.
Nelson, J. M., McLean, S. R., and Wolfe, S. R.(1993). “Mean flow and turbulence fields over two-dimensional bedforms.”Water Resour. Res., 29(12), 3935–3954.
23.
Nelson, J. M., and Smith, J. D. (1989). “Mechanics of flow over ripples and dunes.”J. Geophys. Res., 89(C6), 8146–8162.
24.
Nordin, C. F. Jr. (1964). “Aspects of flow resistance and sediment transport Rio Grande near Bernalillo, New Mexico.”U.S. Geol. Surv. WSP 1498-H, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
25.
Nordin, C. F. Jr. (1976). “Flume studies with fine and coarse sands.”U.S. Geol. Surv. OFR 76-762, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
26.
Nordin, C. F. Jr., and Beverage, J. P. (1965). “Sediment transport in the Rio Grande, New Mexico.”U.S. Geol. Surv. PP 462-F, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
27.
Rubin, D. M., and McCulloch, D. S. (1980). “Single and superimposed bedforms: a synthesis of San Francisco Bay and flume observations.”Sed. Geol., Vol. 26, 207–231.
28.
Scott, C. H., and Stephens, H. D. (1966). “Special sediment investigations Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri, 1961–63.”U.S. Geol. Surv. WSP 1819-J, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
29.
Shen, H. W., Mellema, W. J., and Harrison, A. S.(1978). “Temperature and Missouri River stages near Omaha.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 104(1), 1–20.
30.
Simons, D. B., Richardson, E. V., and Nordin, C. F. Jr. (1965). “Sedimentary structures generated by flow in alluvial channels.”Paleo. and Miner. Spec. PUb. No. 12, Soc. of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 34–52.
31.
Smith, J. D., and McLean, S. R.(1977). “Spatially averaged flow over a wavy surface.”J. Geophys. Res., 84(12), 1735–1746.
32.
van Rijn, L. C.(1982). “Equivalent roughness of alluvial bed.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 108(10), 1215–1218.
33.
van Rijn, L. C.(1984a). “Sediment transport. Part I: bed load transport.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 110(10), 1431–1456.
34.
van Rijn, L. C.(1984b). “Sediment transport. Part II: suspended load transport.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 110(11), 1613–1641.
35.
van Rijn, L. C. (1984c). “Sediment transport. Part III: bed forms and alluvial roughness.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 110(12), 1733– 1754.
36.
Wang, S., and White, W. R.(1993). “Alluvial resistance in transition regime.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 119(6), 725–741.
37.
Wiberg, P. L. (1987). “Mechanics of bedload transport,” PhD dissertation, Univ. Washington, Seattle, Wash.
38.
Wiberg, P. L., and Nelson, J. M. (1992). “Unidirectional flow over asymmetric and symmetric ripples.”J. Geophys. Res., 97(C8), 12745–12761.
39.
Wiberg, P. L., and Rubin, D. M. (1989). “Bed roughness produced by saltating sediment.”J. Geophys. Res., 94(C4), 5011–5016.
40.
Willis, J. C., Coleman, N. L., and Ellis, W. M.(1972). “Laboratory study of transport of fine sand.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 98(3), 489–501.
41.
Yalin, M. S. (1972). Mechanics of sediment transport. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.
42.
Yang, C. T.(1973). “Incipient motion and sediment transport.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 99(10), 1679–1704.
43.
Zyserman, J. A., and Fredsoe, J.(1994). “Data analysis of bed concentration of suspended sediment.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 120(9), 1021–1042.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 121 • Issue 8 • August 1995
Pages: 578 - 590
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Aug 1, 1995
Published in print: Aug 1995
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.