Investigation of Saltating Particle Motions
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 7
Abstract
Knowledge of particle saltating motions near the channel bed is crucial to development of bed‐load transport theories. A real‐time flow visualization technique is applied to study these motions. This technique measures the particle trajectories and particle velocities without interfering with the flow field. Different water depths, channel slopes, and particle sizes were tested. Regression equations for the average saltation height, length, and velocity were obtained. A mathematical model for particle single‐step saltation was also developed. This model calculates the particle trajectories and the longitudinal variations of the velocities, accelerations, drag forces, and lift forces. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to investigate the relative importance of the parameters involved. It is found that the Magnus effect is important and cannot be neglected.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Abbott, J. E., and Francis, J. R. D. (1977). “Saltation and suspension trajectories of solid grains in a water stream.” Proc., Royal Soc., London, England, 284, Ser. A 1321, 225–254.
2.
Anderson, R. S., and Hallet, B. (1986). “Sediment transport by wind.” Geological Soc. of Am. Bull., 97, 523–535.
3.
Bagnold, R. A. (1966). “An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics.” Geological Survey Prof. Paper 422‐I, Washington D.C.
4.
Bayazit, M. (1976). “Free surface flow in a channel of large relative roughness.” J. Hydr. Res., 14(2), 115–125.
5.
Bray, D. I. (1979). “Estimating average velocity in gravel bed rivers.” J. Hyd. Div., ASCE, 105(9), 1103–117.
6.
Chepil, W. S. (1958). “The use of evenly spaced hemispheres to evaluate aerodynamic forces on a soil surface.” Trans, AGU, 39(3), 397–404.
7.
Engelund, F., and Hansen, E. (1972). “A monograph on sediment transport in alluvial streams.” Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark.
8.
Einstein, H. A. (1950). “The bed‐load function for sediment transportation in open channel flow.” Tech. Bull. No. 1026, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. (Sept.).
9.
Fernandez Luque, R., and Van Beek, R. (1976). “Erosion and transport of bed‐load sediment.” J. Hydr. Res., 14(2), 127–144.
10.
Hui, Y., and Hu, E. (1991). “Saltation characteristics of particle motions in water.” Shuili Xuebao, No. 12, 59–64 (in Chinese).
11.
Kamphuis, J. W. (1974). “Determination of sand roughness for fixed beds.” J. Hyd. Res., 12(2), 193–203.
12.
Morsi, S. A., and Alexander, A. J. (1972). “An investigation of particle trajectories in two‐phase flow systems.” J. Fluid Mech., 55(Part 2), 193–208.
13.
Murphy, P. J., and Hooshiari, H. (1982). “Saltation in water dynamics.” J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 108(11), 1251–1267.
14.
Nikuradse, J. (1933). “Strömungsgesetze in rauhen röhren.” Ver. Deut. Ing., Forschungsheft 361 (in German).
15.
Rubinow, S. I., and Keller, J. B. (1961). “The transverse force on a spinning sphere moving in a viscous fluid.” J. Fluid Mech., 11, 477–459.
16.
Saffman, P. G. (1965). “The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow.” J. Fluid Mech., 22, 385–400.
17.
Saffman, P. G. (1968). “The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow.” J. Fluid Mech., 31.
18.
Sekine, M., and Kikkawa, H. (1992). “Mechanics of saltating grains.” J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 118(4), 536–558.
19.
Van Rijn, L. C. (1984). “Sediment transport, part I: bed load transport.” J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 110(10), 1431–1456.
20.
White, B. R., and Schultz, J. C. (1977). “Magnus effect in saltation.” J. Fluid Mech., 47, part 3, 437–447.
21.
Wiberg, P. L., and Smith, J. D. (1985). “A theoretical model for saltating grains in water.” J. Geophysical Res., 90(4), 7341–7354.
22.
Wood, I. R., and Jenkins, B. S. (1973). “A numerical study of the suspension of a non‐buoyant particle in a turbulent stream.” Proc., IAHR Int. Symp. on River Mech., Vol. 1, p. 431.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 4, 1993
Published online: Jul 1, 1994
Published in print: Jul 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.