Cohesive Sediment Transport. I: Process Description
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 115, Issue 8
Abstract
Physical processes constituting fine, cohesive sediment transport in estuarial waters are described. These processes, which include settling and deposition, consolidation, erosion and transport in suspension, are typically interlinked by the cyclic nature of the tide dominated environment. Complexities in process characterization arise as a consequence of the dual dependence of sediment aggregate properties on the physico‐chemical properties of the sediment‐water mixture as well as the turbulent flow field. Present day knowledge of the processes enables reliable predictions of rates of sedimentation and erosion in navigable channels, waterways and harbors through numerical modeling. Further research is required for improving procedures for measuring settling velocities, identification of depth at which a definable bed is encountered, and the behavior of near‐bed high density suspensions.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ahuja, A. S. (1974). “A review of the derivations of the formulas for the acoustic properties of liquid‐solid mixtures.” Physics of Sound in Marine Sediments, L. Hampton, ed., Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1–17.
2.
Akal, T. (1972). “The relationship between the physical properties of underwater sediments that affect bottom reflection.” Marine Geology, 13(4), 251–266.
3.
Alishahi, M. R., and Krone, R. B. (1964). “Suspension of cohesive sediment by wind‐generated waves.” Report HEL‐2‐9, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
4.
Allersma, E. (1980). “Mud in estuaries and along coasts.” Proc. of Int. Symp. on River Sedimentation, Chinese Society of Hydraulic Engrg., Beijing, China, 663–685.
5.
Ariathurai, R., and Arulanandan, K. (1986). “Erosion rates of cohesive soils.” J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 104(2), 279–283.
6.
Ariathurai, R., and Arulanandan, K. (1986). “An electrical method to measure insitu sediment densities.” Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 14, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, FRG, 206–218.
7.
Arulanandan, K., Loganathan, P., and Krone, R. B. (1975). “Pore and eroding fluid influences on surface erosion of soil.” J. Geotech. Div., ASCE, 101(1), 51–66.
8.
Askren, D. R. (1979). “Numerical simulation of sedimentation and circulation in rectangular marina basins.” Technical Report NOS 77, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md.
9.
Been, K., and Sills, G. C. (1981). “Self‐weight consolidation of soft soils: An experimental and theoretical study.” Geotechnique, 31(4), 519–535.
10.
Brolsma, J. V. (1983). “Navigation in muddy areas.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Coastal and Port Engrg. in Developing Countries, Vol: 1, Columbo, Sri Lanka, 678–692.
11.
Burt, T. N. (1986). “Field settling velocities of estuary muds.” Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 14, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, 126–150.
12.
Caldwell, J. M. (1960). “Development and tests of a radioactive sediment density probe.” Technical Memorandum No. 121, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D.C.
13.
Cargiil, K. W. (1984). “Prediction of consolidation of very soft soil.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 110(6), 775–795.
14.
Chase, R. R. P. (1979). “Settling behavior of natural aquatic particulates.” Limnology and Oceanography, 417–426.
15.
Chaumet‐Lagrange, M., Grandboulan, J., and Fourcassies, C. (1984). Proc., 2d Int. Hydrologic Tech. Conf., Plymouth, U.K., 1–8.
16.
Federal Inter‐Agency River Basin Committee. (1953). “Accuracy of Sediment size analyses made by the bottom withdrawal tube method.” Measurement and Analysis of Sediment Loads in Streams Series, Report No. 10, St. Anthony Hydraulics Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
17.
Fischer, H. B. (1978). “On the tensor form of the bulk dispersion coefficient in a bounded skewed shear flow.” J. Geophys. Res., 83(C5), 2373–2375.
18.
Gibson, R. E., Schiffman, R. L., and Cargill, K. W. (1981). “The theory of one‐dimensional consolidation of saturated clays, II. Finite nonlinear consolidation of thick homogeneous layers.” Can. Geotech. J., 18(2), 280–293.
19.
Grim, R. E. (1968). Clay mineralogy. McGraw‐Hill, New York, N.Y.
20.
Gupta, R. N. (1966). “Reflection of sound waves from transition layers.” J. Acoustical Soc. America, 39(2), 255–260.
21.
Hayter, E. J. (1983). “Prediction of cohesive sediment movement in estuarial waters.” Dissertation presented to the University of Florida, at Gainesville, Fla., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
22.
Jansen, R. H. G. (1978). “In‐situ measurement of sediment transport by means of ultrasound scattering.” Publication No. 203, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, Delft, The Netherlands.
23.
Jobson, H. E., and Sayre, W. W. (1970). “Vertical transfer in open channel flow.” J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 96(3), 703–724.
24.
Kirby, R., and Parker, W. R. (1977). “The physical characteristics and environmental significance of fine sediment suspensions in estuaries.” Estuaries, Geophysics and the Environment, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 110–120.
25.
Kirby, R., Parkr, W. R., and van Oostrum, W. H. A. (1980). “Definition of sea bed in navigation routes through mud areas.” Int. Hydrographic Rev., LVII(1), 107–117.
26.
Krone, R. B. (1962). “Flume studies of the transport of sediment in estuarial processes.” Final Report, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory and Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
27.
Krone, R. B. (1963). “A study of rheological properties of estuarial sediments.” Tech. Bull. No. 7, committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
28.
Lee, K., and Sills, G. C. (1981). “The consolidation of a soil stratum, including self‐weight effects and large strains.” Num. and Analyt. Meth. in Geomech., 5, 105–428.
29.
McLaughlin, R. T. (1959). “The settling properties of suspensions.” J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 85(12), 9–42.
30.
Mehta, A. J., and Partheniades, E. (1975). “An investigation of the depositional properties of flocculated fine sediments.” J. Hydr. Res., 12(4), 361–609.
31.
Mehta, A. J., and Maa, P. Y. (1986). “Waves over mud: Modeling erosion.” Proc., 3d Int. Symp. on River Sedimentation, Vol. III, Univ. of Miss., 558–601.
32.
Mehta, A. J., et al. (1982). “Resuspension potential of deposited cohesive sediment beds.” Estuarine Comparisons, V. S. Kennedy, ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 591–609.
33.
Migniot, C. (1968). “A study of the physical properties of different very fine sediments and their behavior under hydrodynamic action.” La Houille Blanche, 7, 591–620 (in French with English abstract).
34.
Montague, C. L. (1986). “Influence of biota on erodibility of sediments.” Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 14, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, FRG, 251–269.
35.
Nederhof, I., and van Bochove, G. (1981). “Manoeuvering behaviour of ships in muddy canals and harbors.” The Dock and Harbour Authority, LXII(726), 2–6.
36.
Nichols, M. M. (1986). “Effects of fine sediment resuspension in estuaries.” Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 14, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, FRG, 5–42.
37.
Orr, M. H., and Grant, W. D. ‐(1982). “Acoustic sensing of particles suspended by wave‐bottom interactions.” Marine Geology, 45(3/4), 253–260.
38.
Orr, M. H., and Hess, F. R. (1978). “Remote acoustic monitoring of natural suspensate distribution, active suspensate resuspension and slope/shelf water intrusions.” J. Geophys. Res., 83(C8), 4062–4068.
39.
Owen, M. V. (1970). “A detailed study of the settling velocities of an estuarine mud.” Report No. INT 78, Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford, U.K.
40.
Owen, M. V. (1971). “The effects of turbulence on settling velocities of silt flocs.” Proc., 14th Cong. Int. Assoc. Hydr. Res., Vol. 4, Paris, France, 27–32.
41.
Owen, M. V. (1976). “Determination of the settling velocities of cohesive muds.” Report No. INT 161, Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford, U.K.
42.
Parchure, T. M. (1984). “Erosional behavior of deposited cohesive sediments.” Dissertation presented to the University of Florida, at Gainesville, Fla., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
43.
Parchure, T. M., and Mehta, A. J. (1985). “Erosion of soft cohesive sediment deposits.” J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 111(10), 1308–1326.
44.
Parker, W. R. (1986). “On the observation of cohesive sediment behavior for engineering purposes.” .Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 14, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, FRG, 270–289.
45.
Parker, W. R., Sills, G. C, and Paske, R. E. A. (1975). “In‐situ bulk density measurement in dredging practice and control.” Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Dredging Tech., Paper B3, British Hydraulic Research Association—Fluid Engineering, S.K. Hemmings, ed., Canterbury, U.K., 25–41.
46.
Parker, W. R., and Kirby, R. (1977). “Fine sediment studies relevant to dredging practice and control.” Proc., 2d Int. Symp. on Dredging Tech., Paper B2, British Hydraulic Research Association—Fluid Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, Tex, 15–26.
47.
Parker, W. R., and Lee, K. (1979). “The behavior of fine sediment relevant to the dispersal of pollutants.” ICES Workshop on Sediment and Pollutant Interchange in Shallow Seas, S. K. Hemmings, ed., Canterbury, U.K.
48.
Parker, W. R., and Kirby, R. (1982). “Time‐dependent properties of cohesive sediment relevant to sedimentation management.” Estuarine Comparisons, V. S. Kennedy, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 573–589.
49.
Partheniades, E. (1965). “Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils.” J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 91(1), 105–139.
50.
Teeter, A. M. (1986). “Vertical transport in fine‐grained suspension and newly deposited sediment.” Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics, A. J. Mehta, ed., Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Vol. 14, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, FRG, 170–191.
51.
Thimakorn, P. (1984). “Resuspension of clays under waves.” Seabed Mechanics, P. B. Denness, ed., Graham and Trotman, London, U.K., 191–196.
52.
Thorn, M. R. C., and Parsons, J. G. (1980). “Erosion of cohesive sediments in estuaries: An engineering guide.” Proc., 3d Int. Symp. on Dredging Technology, Paper Fl, British Hydraulic Research Association—Fluid Engineering, Bordeaux, France, 349–358.
53.
Thome, M. F. C., and Parsons, J. G. (1980). “Application of acoustic techniques in sediment transport research.” Acoustics and Sea Bed, N. G. Pace, ed., Path University Press, Bath, U.K., 395–402.
54.
Watts, G. M. (1954). “Laboratory and field tests of sounding leads.” Technical Memorandum No. 54, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D.C.
55.
Wells, J. T. (1983). “Dynamics of Coastal fluid muds in low‐, moderate‐, and hightide‐range environments.” Can. J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sci., 40(1), 130–142.
56.
Whitehouse, U. G., and Jeffery, L. M. (1952). “Chemistry of marine sedimentation.” Study of Nearshore Recent Sediments and their Environments in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, Progress Reports 5, 6, 7, American Petroleum Research Project 51, Texas A & M Research Foundation, College Station, Tex.
57.
Whitehouse, U. G., Jeffery, L. M., and Debbrecht, J. D. (1960). “Differential settling tendencies of clay minerals in saline waters.” Proc., 7th Nat. Conf. on Clay and Clay Minerals, Pergamon Press, London, 1–79.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 115 • Issue 8 • August 1989
Pages: 1076 - 1093
Copyright
Copyright © 1989 ASCE.
History
Published online: Aug 1, 1989
Published in print: Aug 1989
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.