TECHNICAL PAPERS
May 1, 1996

Reaction Products Formed in Lime-Stabilized Marine Clays

Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 5

Abstract

The use of lime to improve the behavior of marine clays has been in practice in several parts of the world over a long period. In this paper, the beneficial changes occurred in a marine clay due to the diffusion of lime from lime column and lime injected points have been studied using XRD and SEM techniques. The new compounds formed have been identified using the XRD technique. The diffusion of lime has been established through the measurements of lime content and pH from the samples taken at different locations and at various time periods. The transformation of the soil particles due to lime attack on the clay minerals present in a marine clay has been studied and discussed.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1.
ASTM. (1991). “Index to the powder diffraction file.” Joint Com. on Powder Diffraction Standards, Philadelphia, Pa.
2.
ASTM D 4648-87. (1989). “Standard test method for laboratory miniature vane shear test for saturated fine-grained clayey soil.”Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.08, Philadelphia, Pa., 868–873.
3.
Baghadadi, Z. A., and Khan, A. M. (1987). “A study of the use of sea water in lime and cement stabilization.”Environmental geotechnics and problematic soils and rocks, Balasubramaniam et al., eds., Rotterdam, Balkema, 139–144.
4.
Balasubramaniam, A. S., Bergado, D. T., Buensucoso, B. R. Jr., and Yang, W. C.(1989). “Strength and deformation characteristics of lime treated soft clays.”J. Geotech. Engrg., 20, 49–65.
5.
Barden, L., and Sides, G. (1969). “The influence of structure as the collapse of compacted clay.”2nd Conf. on Collapsing Expansive Soil. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
6.
Broms, B., and Boman, P. (1975). “Lime stabilized columns.”5th Asian regional conf. on SM and FE. Bangalore, India, 227–234.
7.
Brown, G. (1961). “The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals.”Mineralogical Soc. (Clay Minerals Group). London, U.K.
8.
Clare, K. E., and Cruchley, A. F.(1957). “Laboratory experiments in the stabilization of clays with hydrated lime.”Geotech., 7, 97–111.
9.
Croft, J. B.(1967). “The structure of soils stabilized with cementitious agents.”J. Engrg. Geol., 2, 63–80.
10.
Davidson, D. F., Mateos, M., and Barnes, H. F. (1960). “Improvement of lime stabilization of montmorillonitic clay soils with chemical additives.”Highways Res. Bull. No. 262. Washington, D.C., 33–50.
11.
Diamond, S., White, J. L., and Dolch, W. L. (1965). “Transformation of clay minerals by calcium hydroxide attack.”Proc., 12th Nat. Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals. Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 359–379.
12.
Eades, J. L., and Grim, R. E. (1960). “Reactions of hydrated lime with pure clay minerals in soil stabilization.”Highway Res. Bull. No. 262. Washington, D.C., 51–63.
13.
Eades, J. L., Nichols, F. P. Jr., and Grim, R. E. (1962). “Formation of new minerals with lime stabilization as proven by field experiments in Virginia.”Highway Res. Bull. No. 335. Washington, D.C., 31–39.
14.
Eades, J. L., and Grim, R. E. (1966). “A quick test to determine lime requirements for lime stabilization.”Highway Res. Bull. No. 139. Washington, D.C., 61–72.
15.
Fohs, D. G., and Kinter, E. B. (1972). “Migration of lime in compacted soil.”Public Roads. 1–8.
16.
Gillot, J. E. (1968). Clay in engineering geology . Elsevier Publishing Co., London, U.K.
17.
Glenn, G. R.(1967). “X-ray studies of lime bentonite reaction products.”J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 50, 312–316.
18.
Heller, L., and Taylor, H. G. W. (1956). “Crystallographic data for the calcium silicates.” Dept. of Sci. and Ind. Res., Build. Res. Station, H. M. Stationery Office, London, U.K.
19.
Ho, C., and Handy, R. L. (1963). “Characteristic of lime retention of montmorillonite clays.”Highway Res. Bull. No. 26. Washington, D.C., 55–69.
20.
Ingles, O. G. (1964). “The nature and strength of the interparticle bonds in natural and stabilized soils.”Mechanisms of Soil Stabilization, D-9, Proc. of a Colloquium held at Syndal Victoria. Syndal Victoria, Australia.
21.
Ingles, O. G., and Metcalf, J. B. (1972). Soil Stabilization . Butterworths, Melbourne, Australia.
22.
Jackson, M. L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis . Prentice Hall International, Inc., London, U.K.
23.
Kantro, D. L., Brunauer, S., and Weise, C. H.(1959). “The ball-mill hydration of tricalcium silicate at room temperature.”J. Colloid Sci., 14, 363–376.
24.
Kawamura, M., and Diamond, S.(1975). “Stabilization of clay soils against erosion loss.”Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 443–451.
25.
Keller, W. D.(1985). “The nascence of clay minerals.”Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 161–172.
26.
Kinter, E. B., and Diamond, S.(1956). “Preparation of treatment of oriented specimen of clays.”Clays and Clay Minerals, 4, 21.
27.
Locat, Y., Berube, M. A., and Choquette, M.(1990). “Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays; shear strength development.”Can. Geotech. J., 27, 294–304.
28.
Midgley, H. G.(1957). “Compilation of x-ray powder diffraction data of cement materials.”Magazine of Concrete Res., 2, 21–27.
29.
Nagaraj, T. S.(1964). “Soil structure and strength characteristics of compacted clay.”Geotechnique, 14, 103–114.
30.
Narasimha Rao, S., Somayazulu, J. R., and Rajasekaran, G. (1991). “Stabilization of soft marine clay using deep in-situ lime column method.”10th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg. Paper No. 91-388, Norway.
31.
Narasimha Rao, S., Rajasekaran, G., and Prasad, C. V. (1992). “Sea bed stabilization by chemical grouting.”11th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg. Paper No. 92-333, Calgary, Canada.
32.
Okumura, T., and Terashi, M. (1975). “Deep lime mixing method of stabilization for marine clay.”5th Asian Regional Conf. on SM and FE. 1, 69–75.
33.
Ormsby, W. C., and Kinter, E. B.(1973). “Effects of dolomitic and calcitic limes on strength development in mixtures with two clay minerals.”Public Roads, 37, 149–160.
34.
Pierce, J. W., and Siegel, F. R.(1969). “Quantification in clay mineral studies of sediments and sedimentary rocks.”J. Sedimentary Petrology, 9, 187–193.
35.
Sabry, M. A., Reed, L. W., and Parcher, J. V.(1981). “Mineralogy of compacted clay-lime mixtures.”Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J., 45, 144–150.
36.
Taylor, A. W.(1959). “Physico-chemical properties of soils—ion exchange phenomenon.”J. SM and FE, Proc. of ASCE, 85, 19–30.
37.
Tchalenko, J. S.(1968). “The microstructure of London clay.”J. Engrg. Geol., 1, 155–168.
38.
Willoughby, D. R., Gross, K. A., Ingles, O. G., Silva, S. R., and Veronica, M. S.(1968). “The identification of reaction products in alkali stabilized clay by electron microscopy, x-ray and electron diffraction.”Paper No. 430, Reprinted from Proc. of 4th Conf. of Australian Board, 4, 1386–1408.
39.
Yanase, S. (1968). “Stabilization of alluvial clays with quick lime.”Report of ports and harbour research institute, 7 (in Japanese).
40.
Yong, R. N., and Warkentin, B. P. (1966). Introduction to soil behaviour . The MacMillan Co., New York, N.Y.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122Issue 5May 1996
Pages: 329 - 336

History

Published online: May 1, 1996
Published in print: May 1996

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

S. Narasimha Rao
Prof., Ocean Engrg. Ctr. and Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Indian Inst. of Technol., Madras-600 036, India.
G. Rajasekaran
Res. Scholar, Ocean Engrg. Ctr., Indian Inst. of Technol., Madras-600 036, India.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share