Solute Breakthrough Curves for Processed Kaolin at Low Flow Rates
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 121, Issue 1
Abstract
Solute breakthrough curves for a 0.01-M NaCl solution permeated through two compacted test specimens of processed kaolin soil are measured at two volumetric flow rates (2.65 × 10 −4 cm 3 /s and 2.65 × 10 −5 cm 3 /s) using a flow pump system. Regression analyses of the effluent solute concentrations with two analytical models resulted in hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients D ranging from 1.49 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s to 3.95 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s for chloride and from 2.11 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s to 8.74 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s for sodium indicating that diffusion dominated the transport process in the two column tests. The effluent electrical conductance values measured immediately after sampling also tend to reflect the dominance of diffusion on the solute migration process. An observed decrease in effluent pH from between 4.8 and 5.5 during permeation with distilled water to about 4.5 during subsequent permeation with the NaCl solution is consistent with Na + for H + exchange at relatively low pH previously reported for studies involving kaolinite soils. The results of this laboratory study tend to confirm previous field studies that indicate diffusion-dominated transport at the low flow rates common in fine-grained barrier materials.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Acar, Y. B., and Haider, L.(1990). “Transport of low-concentration contaminants in saturated earthen barriers.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(7), 1031–1052.
2.
Bear, J. (1972). Dynamics of fluids in porous media . American Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
3.
Bohn, H., McNeal, B., and O'Connor, G. (1985). Soil chemistry, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
4.
Bolland, M. D. A., Posner, A. M., and Quirk, J. P.(1976). “Surface charges on kaolinites in aqueous suspension.”Australian J. Soil Res., 14, 197–216.
5.
Bolland, M. D. A., Posner, A. M., and Quirk, J. P.(1980). “pH-independent and pH-dependent surface charges on kaolinite.”Clays and clay minerals, 28(6), 412–418.
6.
Cherry, J. A., Gillham, R. J., and Barker, J. F. (1984). “Contaminants in groundwater: chemical processes.”Studies in geophysics, groundwater contamination. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 46–64.
7.
Crooks, V. E., and Quigley, R. M.(1984). “Saline leachate migration through clay: a comparative laboratory and field investigation.”Can. Geotech. J., 21(2), 349–362.
8.
De Weist, R. J. M. (1965). Geohydrology . John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
9.
Domenico, P. A., and Schwartz, F. W. (1990). Physical and chemical hydrogeology . John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
10.
Fetter, C. W. (1993). Contaminant hydrogeology . Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, N.Y.
11.
Ferris, A. P., and Jepson, W. B.(1975). “The exchange capacities of kaolinite and the preparation of homoionic clays.”J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 51(2), 245–259.
12.
Freeze, R. A., and Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater . Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
13.
Gershon, N. D., and Nir, A.(1969). “Effects of boundary conditions of models on tracer distribution in flow through porous mediums.”Water Resour. Res., 5(4), 830–839.
14.
Goodall, D. C., and Quigley, R. M.(1977). “Pollutant migration from two sanitary landfill sites near Sarnia, Ontario.”Can. Geotech. J., 14(2), 223–236.
15.
Grim, R. E. (1968). Clay mineralogy, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
16.
Johnson, R. L., Cherry, J. A., and Pankow, J. F.(1989). “Diffusive contaminant transport in natural clay: a field example and implications for clay-lined waste disposal sites.”Envir. Sci. and Technol., 23(3), 340–349.
17.
Kreft, A., and Zuber, A.(1978). “On the physical meaning of the dispersion equation and its solutions for different initial and boundary conditions.”Chemical Engrg. Sci., 33(11), 1471–1480.
18.
Lindstrom, F. T., Haque, R., Freed, V. H., and Boersma, L. (1967). Theory of the movement of some herbicides in soils: Linear diffusion and convection of chemicals in soils. Envir. Sci. and Technol., 1(7), 561–565.
19.
McBride, M. B.(1978). “Copper (II) interactions with kaolinite: factors controlling adsorption.”Clays and Clay Minerals, 26(2), 101–106.
20.
Mitchell, J. K. (1993). Fundamentals of soil behavior, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
21.
Ogata, A., and Banks, R. B. (1961). “A solution of the differential equation of longitudinal dispersion in porous media.”U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 411-A, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
22.
Parker, J. C., and van Genuchten, M. Th.(1984). “Flux-averaged and volume-averaged concentrations in continuum approaches to solute transport.”Water Resour. Res., 20(7), 866–872.
23.
Redmond, P. L., and Shackelford, C. D.(1994). “Design and evaluation of a flow pump system for column testing.”ASTM Geotech. Testing J., 17(1), 269–281.
24.
Rhoades, J. D. (1982). “Chapter 8: cation exchange capacity.”Methods of soil analysis, part 2—chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd Ed., A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis., 9, Part 2, 149–157.
25.
Roy, W. R., Krapac, I. G., Chou, S. F. J., and Griffin, R. A. (1991). “Batch-type procedures for estimating soil adsorption of chemicals.”EPA/530/SW-87/006-F, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
26.
Schnabel, R. P., and Ritchie, B. B. (1987). Elimination of time assignment bias in estimates of dispersion coefficient. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J., 51(2), 302–304.
27.
Shackelford, C. D.(1988). “Diffusion as a transport process in fine-grained barrier materials.”Geotech. News, 6(2), 24–27.
28.
Shackelford, C. D.(1991). “Laboratory diffusion testing for waste disposal—a review.”J. Contaminant Hydrol., Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 7, 177–217.
29.
Shackelford, C. D. (1993). “Chapter 3: contaminant transport.”Geotechnical practice for waste disposal, D. E. Daniel, ed., Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, England, 33–65.
30.
Shackelford, C. D. (1994a). “Waste-soil interactions that alter hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport in Soil, ASTM STP 1142, D. E. Daniel and Stephen J. Trautwein, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 111–168.
31.
Shackelford, C. D.(1994b). “Critical concepts for column testing.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(10), 1804–1828.
32.
Thomas, G. W. (1982). “Chapter 9: exchangeable cations.”Methods of soil analysis, part 2—chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd Ed., A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis., 9, Part 2, 159–165.
33.
van Genuchten, M. Th., and Alves, W. J. (1982). “Analytical solutions for the one-dimensional convective-dispersive solute transport equation.”Tech. Bull. No. 1661, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
34.
van Genuchten, M. Th., and Parker, J. C.(1984). “Boundary conditions for displacement experiments through short laboratory soil columns.”J. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am., 48(4), 703–708.
35.
van Ree, C. C. D. F., Weststrate, F. A., Meskers, C. G., and Bremmer, C. N. (1992). “Design aspects and permeability testing of natural clay and sand-bentonite liners.”Géotechnique, London, England, 42(1), 49–56.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jan 1, 1995
Published in print: Jan 1995
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.