Minimum Thickness of Compacted Soil Liners: I. Stochastic Models
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 1
Abstract
Regulatory agencies often specify a minimum thickness of compacted soil liners that will ensure that the liner performs adequately. No consensus has been formed, however, on an appropriate minimum thickness. In some states soil liners may be as thin as 60 cm (2 ft), whereas in other states soil liners are required to be at least 360 cm (12 ft) thick. Difficulties encountered in the analysis of soil liners, such as uncertainties in construction, flow in macropores, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties, and variability in past experiences of regulatory agencies are the most likely reasons for the lack of consensus on minimum thickness. In the present paper, the first in a two‐part series, two models of fluid flow in compacted soil liners are described. These models incorporate flow in macropores, spatial variability, and uncertainty via probability theory, but only consider advective transport in saturated soil. In the second paper, the models are used to identify an appropriate minimum thickness of soil liners.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Aitchison, J., and Brown, J. (1957). The lognormal distribution with special reference to its use in economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
2.
Albrecht, K. A., et al. (1989). “Excavation of an instrumented earthen liner: inspection of dyed flow paths and morphology.” Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Mat., 6(3), 269–279.
3.
Anderson, D. C, et al. (1991). “Factors controlling the minimum soil liner thickness.” Draft Rep. No. EPA/600/2‐91/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
4.
Ang, A., and Tang, W. (1975). “Basic principles. ” Probability concepts in engineering planning and design, Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
5.
Benson, C. H. (1989). “A stochastic analysis of water and chemical flow in compacted soil liners,” PhD dissertation, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
6.
Benson, C. H., and Daniel, D. E. (1990). “Influence of clods on hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(8), 1231–1248.
7.
Benson, C. H., and Daniel, D. E. (1994). “Minimum thickness of compacted soil liners: II. results and case history.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(1), 153–172.
8.
Bogardi, I., Kelly, W., and Bardossy, A. (1989). “Reliability model for soil liner: initial design.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 115(5), 658–669.
9.
Catalàn, J. M, and Cornell, C. A. (1976). “Earth slope reliability by a level‐crossing method.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 102(6), 591–604.
10.
Churchill, R. V. (1972). Operational mathematics. McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
11.
Corey, A. T. (1977). Mechanics of fluids in heterogeneous porous media. Water Resources Publications, Fort Collins, Colo.
12.
Elsbury, B., and Sraders, G. (1989). “Building a better landfill liner.” Civil Engrg., ASCE, 59(4), 57–59.
13.
Freeze, R. A. (1975). “A stochastic‐conceptual analysis of one‐dimensional groundwater flow in nonuniform homogeneous media.” Water Resour. Res., 11(5), 725–741.
14.
Freeze, R. A., and Cherry, J. (1979). Groundwater. Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
15.
Goldman, L. J., et al. (1988). “Design, construction, and evaluation of clay liners for waste management facilities.” EPA/530/SW‐86/007F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
16.
Grimmett, G. R., and Stirzaker, D. R. (1982). Probability and random processes. Claredon Press, Oxford, England.
17.
Hachich, W., and Vanmarcke, E. H. (1984). “Probabilistic updating of pore pressure fields.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 109(3), 373–387.
18.
Johnson, G. W., Crumbley, W., and Boutwell, G. (1990). “Field verification of clay liner hydraulic conductivity.” Waste containment systems: construction, regulation, and performance, GSP No. 26. R. Bonaparte, ed., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 226–245.
19.
Krapac, I. G., et al. (1989). “Hydraulic properties of an experimental soil liner: Preliminary results.” Proc., 12th Annu. Madison Waste Conf., Univ. of Wisconsin Extension, Madison, Wis., 395–411.
20.
Press, W. H., Flannery, B., Teukolsky, S., and Vetterling, W. (1986). Numerical recipes—the art of scientific computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
21.
Richards, P., and Thompson, C. (1989). “Permeability protocol for the compacted clay liner at the metropolitan Toronto Keele Valley landfill.” Can. J. Civ. Engrg., 16(4), 552–559.
22.
Rogowski, A. S. (1990). “Relationship of laboratory‐ and field‐determined hydraulic conductivity in compacted clay layer,” EPA/600/2‐90;0225. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
23.
Ronold, K. O. (1990a). “Random field modeling of foundation failure modes.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(4), 554–570.
24.
Ronold, K. O. (1990b). “Reliability analysis of tension pile.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(5), 760–773.
25.
Streeter, V., and Wylie, E. (1979). Fluid mechanics. McGraw‐Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y.
26.
Vanmarcke, E. H. (1977a). “Probabilistic modeling of soil profiles.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 103(11), 1227–1246.
27.
Vanmarcke, E. H. (1977b). “Reliability of earth slopes.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 103(11), 1247–1265.
28.
Wu, T. H., and Kraft, L. M. (1967). “The probability of foundation safety.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 93(5), 213–231.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 120 • Issue 1 • January 1994
Pages: 129 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 13, 1990
Published online: Jan 1, 1994
Published in print: Jan 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.