Clay Waste Pond Reclamation by Sand/Clay Mix or Capping
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 115, Issue 11
Abstract
During the phosphate beneficiation process, substantial quantities of waste clays are produced that are typically disposed of in large impoundment areas. Due to the low permeability and self‐weight of these clay slurries, years are required to achieve a consistency conducive to reclamation. Accordingly, the objective of this research is to compare reclamation schemes of sand/clay (s/c) mix versus capping for enhancing consolidation of these waste clays. These comparisons are accomplished analytically using a closed‐form solution to estimate magnitudes and a finite strain consolidation computer program to determine rates, while centrifugal model tests provide experimental data. From these comparisons, it is found that the descending order of reclamation scheme effectiveness in achieving the highest final solids content is: (1) Sand capping (staged); (2) s/c‐mix capping; and (3) using s/c mix, provided surface drainage is maintained and caps do not become buoyant. The time required, however, is proportional to the solids content; e.g., higher solids contents require longer times.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Cardwell, W. T. (1941). “Drilling fluid viscosity, API drilling and production practice.”
Morgenstern, N., 1965. “The Stability of a Slurry Trench in Cohesionless Soils,” Geotechnique, 15 (4).
2.
Carrier, W. D. III, Bromwell, L. G., and Somogyi, F. (1983). “Design capacity of slurried mineral waste ponds.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 109(5).
3.
Carrier, W. D. III, and Beckman, J. F. (1984). “Correlations between index tests and the properties of remodeled clays.” Geotechnique, 34(2).
4.
Croce, P. (1982). “Evaluation of consolidation theories by centrifuge model tests,” thesis presented to the University of Colorado, at Boulder, Colo., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
5.
D'Appolonia, D. J. (1980). “Soil‐Bentonite slurry trench cut‐off.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 106(4).
6.
Keen, P. W. (1982). “C F Industries, Inc. Sand/Clay Mix Experiment.” Publ. No. 02‐020‐012, Phosphatic Clay Workshop, Florida Institute of Phosphates, Bartow, Fla.
7.
“Laboratory testing of phosphatic clays.” (1984). UF‐FIPR Proj. 82‐02‐030, Ardaman and Assoc, Gainesville, Fla.
8.
Lawver, J. E. (1982). “Progress report no. 6: IMC‐Agrico‐Mobil slime consolidation and land reclamation study.” IMC, Bartow, Fla.
9.
Lawver, J. E., and Olson, S. I. (1982). “IMC‐Agrico‐Mobil sand capping for waste clay consolidation.” FIPR Publ. No. 02‐020‐012, Phosphatic Clay Workshop, Bartow, Fla.
10.
Lietzman, R. A. (1982). “Brewster phosphates sand‐clay reclamation method.” Pub. No. 02‐020‐012, Phosphatic Clay Workshop, Florida Institute of Phosphates, Bartow, Fla.
11.
McClimans, S. A. (1984). “Centrifugal model evaluation of the consolidation behavior of sand/phosphatic clay mixes.” Master of Engineering Report, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
12.
Scully, R. W., et al. (1984). “Validation of consolidation properties of phosphatic clay at very high void rates.” Special Publ. Sedimentation/Consolidation Models, ASCE, San Francisco, Calif.
13.
Somogyi, F. (1979). “Analysis and prediction of phosphatic clay consolidation.” Implementation Package, Bromwell Engineering, Inc., Lakeland, Fla.
14.
Somogyi, F. (1985). “Pseudo two‐dimensional large strain consolidation: Theory and applications.” Proc. Flocculation, Sedimentation, and Consolidation Engrg Foundation Conference, Sea Island, Ga.
15.
Somogyi, F., et al. (1984). “Waste phosphatic clay disposal in mine cuts.” Sedimentation/Consolidation Models, R. N. Yong and F. C. Townsend, eds., ASCE, San Francisco, Calif.
16.
Townsend, F. C., et al. (1986). “Reclamation of phosphatic clay waste ponds by capping, vol. 1: Centrifugal model evaluation of reclamation schemes for phosphatic clay waste ponds.” 82‐02,030, Florida Institute of Phosphates, Bartow, Fla.
17.
Wissa, A. E. Z., Fuleiham, N. F., and Ingra, T. S. (1982). “Evaluation of phosphatic clay disposal and reclamation methods, Vol. 3: Sedimentation behavior of phosphatic clays.” Report No. 02‐002‐005, Florida Institute of Phosphates, Bartow, Fla.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 115 • Issue 11 • November 1989
Pages: 1647 - 1666
Copyright
Copyright © 1989 ASCE.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1989
Published in print: Nov 1989
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.