Set of Constitutive Models for Soils Under Slow Movement
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 114, Issue 9
Abstract
Materially objective, rate‐type constitutive relations are presented for creeping soil. The soil is treated either as a non‐Newtonian viscous fluid or a saturated mixture of an inviscid interstitial fluid and a non‐Newtonian viscous fluid matrix. In the latter case, the effective stress is additively decomposed into a quasi‐elastic and a viscous component; the former relates the void ratio with the spherical stress and accounts for consolidation, the latter describes rate dependent deformations. Starting from stress‐stretching relations of a Reiner‐Rivlin fluid and by postulating that the stretching can only depend on nonlinear stress quantities via the second stress deviator invariant, the most general isotropic constitutive relations are deduced. Mathematical expressions which are postulated for the free phenomenological functions are calibrated with the aid of laboratory and field data. The fits that are obtained for specimens subjected to triaxial and shear tests, as well as in situ tests from Swiss landslides, prove satisfactory reproduction of the observed creep behavior.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Andersland, O. B., and Douglas, A. G. (1970). “Soil deformation rates and activation energies.” Geotechnique, 20(1), 1–16.
2.
Barden, L. (1965). “Consolidation of clay with non‐linear viscosity.” Geotechnique, 15(9), 345–362.
3.
Bjerrum, L., and Landva, A. (1966). “Direct simple‐shear test on a Norwegian quick clay.” Geotechnique, 16(1), 1–20.
4.
Cakmak, A. S., Richards, R., and Cole, D. H. (1970). “Shift functions for hydrorheologically simple clays.” Proc., 5th Int. Congress on Rheology, Tokyo, Japan, 491–499.
5.
Calabresi, G. (1970). “Creep di argille indisturbate in prove di taglio di Lunga durate” (with English abstract). Estratto dalla Rivista Italiana di Geotechnica, No. 1 (in Italian).
6.
Christensen, R. W., and Wu, T. H. (1964). “Analysis of clay deformation as a rate process.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 90(SM6), 125–157.
7.
Drucker, D. C., and Prager, W. (1952). “Soil mechanics and plastic analysis or limit design.” Q. J. Appl. Math., 10(2), 157–165.
8.
Duti. (1984). “Projet d'Ecole Détection et Utilisation des Terrains Instables.” Rapport d'activité a fin 1983, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland (in French).
9.
Dysli, M., and Recordon, E. (1981). “Fluage des formations argileuses alpines.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden Vol. 3, 395–400.
10.
Eringen, A. C. (1980). Mechanics of continua. 2nd Ed., Krieger, Huntington, N.Y.
11.
Feda, J., Kamenov, B., and Klablena, P. (1973). “Investigation of creep and structure of clayed materials.” Proc., 8th ICSMFE, Moscow, U.S.S.R., Vol. 1, 119–128.
12.
Fedder, D. (1972). “Zustandsgleichung eines Lehmes, ermittelt mit Hilfe einer neuentwickelten Versuchsapparatur.” Proc., 6th Int. Congress on Rheology, Lyon, France, 1372–1379 (in German).
13.
Felix, B. (1980). “Le fluage des sols Argileux, etude bibliographique.” Rapport de recherche LPC No. 93, Paris, France.
14.
Garofalo, F. (1963). “An empirical relation defining the stress dependence of minimum creep rate in metals.” Trans., Metal Soc., ASME, 227, 351–355.
15.
Geuze, E. C. W. A., and Tan T., Jong‐Kie. (1950). “The shearing properties of soils.” Geotechnique, 2, 141–161.
16.
Geuze, E. C. W. A. (1953). “Laboratory investigations, including compaction tests, Improvement of soil properties.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, Vol. 3, 119–122.
17.
Glasstone, S., Laidler, K. J., and Eyring, H. (1941). The theory of rate processes. McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y.
18.
Gudehus, G., Kolymbas, D., and Leinenkugel, H.‐J. (1976). “Zeitverhalten von Boschungen und Einschnitten in weichem und steifen Ton.” Proc., 6th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Wien, Austria, Vol. 1, 51–58 (in Germany).
19.
Haefeli, R. (1953). “Creep problems in soils, snow and ice.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, Vol. 3, 238–251.
20.
Hirst, J. T. (1968). “The influence of compositional factors on the stress‐strain‐time behavior of soils,” thesis presented to the University of California at Berkeley, Calif., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree.
21.
Hutter, K. (1983). Theoretical glaciology, mathematical approaches to geophysics. Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, Japan.
22.
Hutter, K., and Vulliet, L. (1985). “Gravity‐driven slow creeping flow of a thermoviscous body at elevated temperatures.” J. Therm. Stresses, 8, 99–138.
23.
Kavazanjian, E. (1978). “A generalized approach to the prediction of the stress‐strain‐time behavior of soft clay,” thesis presented to the University of California, at Berkeley, Calif., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree.
24.
Kavazanjian, E., and Mitchell, J. K. (1984). “Time dependence of lateral earth pressure.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 110(4), 530–533.
25.
Kenney, T. C. (1967). “The influence of mineral composition on the residual strength of natural soils.” Proc., Geotechnical Conf. on Shear Strength Properties of Natural Soils and Rocks, Oslo, Norway, Vol. 1, 123–129.
26.
Kenney, T. C. (1977). “Residual strengths of mineral mixtures.” Publ. Norwegian Geotech. Inst., Oslo, Norway, 118, 21–26.
27.
Komamura, F., and Huang, R. J. (1974). “New rheological model for soil behavior.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 100 (GT7), 807–824.
28.
Krizek, R. J. (1970). “Constitutive behavior of clay soils.” Proc., 5th Int. Congress on Rheology, Tokyo, Japan, 469–489.
29.
LMS. (1980). “Glissement de Villarbeney, 2ème rapport intermédiaire.” Lab. De Mec. des Sols, Etude GX59, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland (in French).
30.
Mesri, G., et al. (1981). “Shear stress‐strain‐time behavior of clays.” Geotechnique, 31(4), 537–552.
31.
Mitchell, J. K. (1964). “Shearing resistance of soils as a rate process.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 90 (SM1), 29–61.
32.
Mueller, I. (1973). Thermodynamik, Die Grundlagen der Materialtheorie. Bertelsmann Universitatsverlag, Dusseldorf, West Germany.
33.
Murayama, S. (1983). “Formulation of stress‐strain‐time behavior of soils under deviatoric stress condition.” Soils Found., 23(2), 43–57.
34.
Murayama, S., Sekiguchi, H., and Ueda, T. (1974). “A study of the stress‐strain‐time behavior of saturated clays based on a theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity.” Soils Found., 14(2), 19–33.
35.
Murayama, S., Shibata, T. (1961). “Rheological characteristics of clays.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, France.
36.
Norton, F. H. (1929). The creep of steel at high temperature. McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y.
37.
Oka, F. (1981). “Prediction of time‐dependent behavior of clay.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, Vol. 1, 215–218.
38.
Olson, R. E. (1962). “The shear strength properties of calcium illite.” Geotechnique, 1, 23–43.
39.
Prandtl, L. (1928). “Ein Gedanken Modell zur Kinematischen Theorie der festen Körper.” Ztchr. Angew. Math. u. Mechan., 8, Heft 2, 85–105.
40.
Pusch, R., and Feltham, P. (1980). “A stochastic model of the creep of soils.” Geotechnique, 30 (4), 497–506.
41.
Roscoe, K. H., and Burland, J. B. (1968). “On the generalised stress‐strain behavior of “wet” clay.” Engineering plasticity, J. Heyman and F. A. Leckie, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 535–609.
42.
Rosenqvist, I. T. (1955). “Investigations in the clay‐electrolyte‐water system.” Publ. No. 9, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.
43.
Schofield, A. N., and Wroth, C. P. (1968). Critical state soil mechanics. McGraw‐Hill, London, U.K.
44.
Singh. A., and Mitchell, J. K. (1968). “General stress‐strain‐time function for soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 94(SM1), 21–46.
45.
Sridharan, A., and Venkatappa Rao, G. (1979). “Shear strength behavior of saturated clays and the role of effective stress concept.” Geotechnique, 29(2), 177–193.
46.
Stroganov, A. S. (1961). “Visco‐plastic flow of soils.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, France, Vol. 1, 721–726.
47.
Tan, TJ.‐K. (1981). “Time dependent lateral pressures and Poisson's ratio measurement.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, Vol. 1, 797–800.
48.
Ter‐Stepanian, G. (1973). “New rheological model of creep of a clay at shear.” Reported at the Symposium on the Theory of Landslide Processes, May, Dilijan.
49.
Ter‐Stepanian, G. (1963). “On the long‐term stability of slopes.” Publ. No. 52, Norwegian Geotech. Inst., Oslo, Norway.
50.
Terzaghi, C. (1931). “The static rigidity of plastic clays.” J. Rheology, 2(3), 253–262.
51.
Torrance, J. K. (1974). “A laboratory investigation of the effect of leaching on the compressibility and shear strength of Norwegian marine clays.” Geotechnique, 24(2), 155–173.
52.
Truesdell, C. (1977). Rational continuum mechanics. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
53.
Truesdell, C. (1977). Rational continuum mechanics. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
54.
Trunk, F. J., Dent, J. D., and Lang, T. E. (1986). “Computer modeling of large rock slides.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 111(3), 348–360.
55.
Vulliet, L. (1986). “Modélisation des pentes naturelles en mouvement.” Thèse No. 635, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
56.
Vulliet, L., and Hutter, K. (1987). “A continuum model for natural slopes in slow movement.” Geotechnique, (in press).
57.
Yen, B. C. (1969). “Stability of slopes undergoing creep deformation.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE, 95 (SM4), 1075–1096.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 114 • Issue 9 • September 1988
Pages: 1022 - 1041
Copyright
Copyright © 1988 ASCE.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1988
Published in print: Sep 1988
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.