Basic Properties of Sand and Gravel Filters
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 110, Issue 6
Abstract
Laboratory experiments have shown that uniform filters will catch particles with diameter of about when the particles are carried in suspension in seeping water. Smaller particles will be carried through the filter pores and larger particles will not enter. The main current filter criterion, is shown to be conservative, but not excessively. Its use should be continued. Filter criteria using the ratios and are not supported by experiments or theory. Filters of angular particles of crushed rock are as satisfactory as those of rounded alluvial particles. It is not necessary for the filter particle size distribution to have a shape generally similar to that of the base particle size distribution.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Bertram, G. E., “Experimental Investigation of Protective Filters,” Soil Mechanics Series No. 7, Graduate School of Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 1940.
2.
Busch, K. F., and Luckner, L., “Geohydraulik,” VEB Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, Leipsig, 1972, 442 pp.
3.
Carman, P. C., Flow of Gases Through Porous Media, Butterworth's Scientific Publications, London, 1956.
4.
Lund, A., “An Experimental Study of Graded Filters,” thesis presented to the University of London, at London, U.K., in 1949, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
5.
Sherard, J. L., “Sinkholes in Dams of Coarse Broadly Graded Soils,” 13th ICOLD Congress, India, Vol. II, 1979, pp. 25–35.
6.
Sherard, J. L., Dunnigan, L. P., and Talbot, J. R., “Filters for Silts and Clays,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. GT6, June, 1984, pp. 701–718.
7.
Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1967.
8.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Design of Small Dams, U.S. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973, pp. 234–236.
9.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, “The Use of Laboratory Tests to Develop Design Criteria for Protective Filters,” Earth Laboratory Report No. EM‐425, June 20, 1955
(also published in Proceedings, ASTM, Vol. 55, 1955, p. 1183).
10.
U.S. Army Engineers, “Filter Experiments and Design Criteria,” Technical Memorandum No. 3‐360, Waterways Experiment Station, 1953.
11.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, “Permeability of Selected Clean Sands and Gravels,” Soil Mechanics Note No. 9, Soil Conservation Service, Dec., 1978.
12.
Vaughan, P. R., and Soares, H. F., “Design of Filters for Clay Cores of Dams,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. GT1, Jan., 1982.
13.
Wilson, S. D., and Marsal, R. J., Current Trends in the Design and Construction of Embankment Dams, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 1979.
14.
Wittmann, L., “The Process of Soil Filtration—Its Physics and Approach in Engineering Practice,” 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Brighton, U.K., 1979, pp. 303–310.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 ASCE.
History
Published online: Jun 1, 1984
Published in print: Jun 1984
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.