Computer Modeling for a Generalized Approach to Measure Impact Damage
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 133, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper describes a generalized and rational computational approach to qualitatively measure the level of damage generated by projectiles impacting a system of bumper plates. A single impact damage index (SIDI) model is proposed based on results from numerical simulations using a hydrocode. The model combines the depth of penetration and the size of the holes. A sensitivity study demonstrated that the SIDI is very useful to make relative comparisons between a wide range of impact configurations, high impact velocities, material densities, and projectile shapes and sizes. Additional simulations with two neighbor impacts were conducted to compute a combined damage index and study its sensitivity to neighboring distances. An artificial neural network was developed to rapidly estimate the SIDI for numerous impact configurations and velocities. The approach can be coupled with other methodologies to assess larger-scale damage involving multiple impacts at high velocities.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers acknowledge the Missile Defense Agency and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research for sponsoring this effort under Grant No. USAFOSRF49620-02-1-0076. A special thanks to Dr. Arje Nachman of AFOSR for his support and encouragement while serving as Program Manager. The technical assistance from Larry Libersky in relation to the use of the MAGI code is greatly appreciated. The work included in this report served as the Master of Science thesis of the third writer, who patiently monitored and documented the simulations.
References
Anderson, C. E., Walker, J. D., Bless, S. J., and Partom, Y. (1996). “On the L/D effect for long-rod penetrators.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 18(3), 247–264.
CDI. (2004). “AUTODYN.” ⟨http://www.century-dynamics.com/dc_products/autodyn/autodyn.htm⟩ (Jan. 12, 2004).
Chen, X. W., and Li, Q. M. (2004). “Transition from nondeformable projectile penetration to semihydrodynamic penetration.” J. Eng. Mech., 130(1), 123–127.
Chocron, S., Anderson, C. E., Walker, J. D., and Ravid, M. (2003). “A unified model for long-rod penetration in multiple metallic plates.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 28(4), 391–411.
Computational Engineering International, Inc. (CEI). (2003). “EnSight 7.” EnSight version 7.4 (CD-ROM), Apex, N.C.
Cour-Palais, B. G. (2001). “The shape effect of non-spherical projectiles in hypervelocity impacts.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 26(1–10), 129–143.
Espino, L. A. (2004). “Computer modeling for damage assessment of KE-rod warheads against ballistic missiles.” Master’s thesis, Univ. of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Tex.
Gee, D. J., and Littlefield, D. L. (2001). “Yaw impact of rod projectiles.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 26(1–10), 211–220.
Hagan, M. T., Demuth, H. B., and Beale, M. H. (1996). Neural network design, Campus Publishing Service of the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colo.
Haykin, S. (1998). Neural networks: A comprehensive foundation, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Johnson, G. R., and Cook, W. H. (1983). “A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates, and high temperatures.” Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Ballistics, The Hauge, The Netherlands, 1–7.
Johnson, G. R., and Cook, W. H. (1993). “Lagrangian EPIC code computations for oblique, yawed-rod impacts onto thin-plates and spaced-plate targets at various velocities.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 14(1–4), 373–383.
Khatib, M. (2002). “Evaluation study of MAGI hydrocode in the simulation of hypervelocity impacts.” Master’s thesis, Univ. of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Tex.
Li, K., and Goldsmith, W. (1996). “Impact on aluminum plates by tumbling projectiles: Experimental study.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 18(1), 23–43.
Libersky, L. D., Petschek, A. G., Carney, T. C., Hipp, J. R., and Allahdadi, F. A. (1993). “High strain Lagrangian hydrodynamics: A three-dimensional SPH code for dynamic material response.” J. Comput. Phys., 109(1), 67–75.
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). (1998). “SPHINX Home page.” ⟨http://www-xdiv.lanl.gov/XHM/SPH/sphinx/index.html⟩ (Jan. 12, 2004).
Malvern, L. E. (1969). Introduction to the mechanics of a continuous medium, Series in Engineering of Physical Science, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Mansour, M. Y., Dicleli, M., Lee, J. Y., and Zhang, J. (2004). “Predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams using artificial neural networks.” Eng. Struct., 26(6), 781–799.
MATLAB. (2003). “Neural network toolbox.” MATLAB release 13, version 6.5 (CD-ROM), The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Mass.
Monaghan, J. J. (1988). “An introduction to SPH.” Comput. Phys. Commun., 48(1), 89–96.
Nazarian, S., Abdallah, I., Ferregut, C. M., and Melchor-Lucero, O. (1999). “Prediction of remaining life of flexible pavements with artificial neural networks.” Nondestructive testing of pavements and backcalculation of moduli, ASTM STP-1735, Vol. 3, 484–498.
Randles, P. W., and Libersky, L. D. (2000). “Normalized SPH with stress points.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 48, 1445–1462.
Swift, H. F. (1982). “Hypervelocity impact mechanics.” Impact dynamics, 1st Ed., J. A. Zukas, T. Nicholas, H. F. Swift, L. B. Greszczuk, and D. R. Curran, eds., Wiley, New York, 215–239.
Walsh, J. M., Rice, M. H., McQueen, R. G., and Yarger, F. L. (1957). “Shock-wave compressions of twenty-seven metals: Equation of state of metals.” Phys. Rev., 108(2), 196–216.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 25, 2005
Accepted: Jul 31, 2006
Published online: Mar 1, 2007
Published in print: Mar 2007
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Arif Masud
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.