Application of Structural Health Monitoring Techniques to Track Structural Changes in a Retrofitted Building Based on Ambient Vibration
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 133, Issue 12
Abstract
One of the issues complicating the reliability assessment of structural health monitoring (SHM) methodologies slated for implementation under field conditions for damage detection in conjunction with typical infrastructure systems, is the paucity of experimental measurements from such structures. Particularly lacking is the availability of experimental data from physical structures, where quantifiable changes are made in the structure while SHM studies are being performed. That is precisely the focus of this paper. As a result of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, a critical six-story building in the metropolitan Los Angeles region was found to need significant seismic mitigation measures. The building was instrumented with 14 state-of-the-art strong-motion accelerometers that were placed at various locations and in different orientations throughout the building. The instrumentation network was used to acquire extensive ambient vibration data sets at regular intervals that covered the whole construction phase, during which the building evolved from its original condition to the retrofitted status. This paper evaluates the usefulness of the natural excitation technique (NExT) in conjunction with the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) to determine the evolution of the modal properties of the subject building during the various phases of its retrofit process. Further, an assessment is made of the influence on the system identification results of significant user-selectable parameters such as: data window size and overlap; reference degree-of-freedom; and the dimensions of the associated Hankel matrix. In spite of the very low levels of ambient excitation, and the low spatial resolution of the sensors, use of the NExT/ERA algorithm yielded excellent identification results of the dominant modes of the building. Changes in the identified structural frequencies are correlated with the time that specific structural changes were made. It is shown that this unique collection of data can be extremely useful in calibrating the accuracy and sensitivity of various SHM schemes, as well as in providing useful identification parameter guidelines that can assist in the planning and deployment of sensor networks and associated data collection schemes for SHM applications.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by grants from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research,USAFOSR the National Science Foundation,NSF the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The assistance of E. Kallinikidou in editing the manuscript is appreciated.
References
Agbabian, M. S., and Masri, S. F., eds. (1988). Proc., Int. Workshop on Nondestructive Evaluation for Performance of Civil Structures, Publication No. M8805, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Balageas, D. L., ed. (2002). Proc., 1st European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Paris.
Beck, J. L., Vanik, M. W., and Katafygiotis, L. S. (1994). “Determination of model parameters from ambient vibration data for structural health monitoring.” Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural Control, Pasadena, Calif.
Bendat, J. S., and Piersol, A. G. (2000). Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures, Wiley, New York.
Boller, C., and Staszewski, W. J., eds. (2004). Proc., 2nd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, DEStech Publications Inc., Munich, Germany.
Brownjohn, J. M. W. (2003). “Ambient vibration studies for system identification of tall buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 32(1), 71–95.
Caicedo, J. M., Dyke, S. J., and Johnson, E. A. (2004). “Natural excitation technique and eigensystem realization algorithm for Phase I of the IASC-ASCE benchmark problem: Simulated data.” J. Eng. Mech., 130(1), 49–60.
Casciati, F., ed. (2002). Proc., 3rd World Conf. on Structural Control, Como, Italy.
Casciati, F., and Maganotte, G., eds. (2000). “Structural Control for Civil and Infrastructure.” Proc., 3rd Int. Workshop on Structural Control, Paris.
Chang, F. K., ed. (2003). “Structural health monitoring: Current status and perspectives.” Proc., 4th Int. Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Chang, F. K., ed. (2005). Proc., 5th Int. Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Chassiakos, A. G., Masri, S. F., Nayeri, R. D., Caffrey, J. P., Tzong, G., and Chen, H. P. (2007). “Use of vibration monitoring data to track structural changes in a retrofitted building.” Struct. Health Monit., 14(2), 218–238.
Chen, G., Hoffman, D., Prakash, S., and Herrmann, R., eds. (2002). Proc., Int. Conf. on Advances and New Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research, Harbin and Hong Kong, China.
Chen, J., ed. (1996). Proc., 2nd Int. Workshop on Structural Control, Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
Cooper, J. E., and Wright, J. R. (1992). “Spacecraft in-orbit identification using eigensystem realization methods.” J. Guid. Control Dyn., 15(2), 352–359.
Doebling, S. W., Farrar, C. R., and Prime, M. B. (1998). “A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods.” Shock Vib. Dig., 30(2), 91–105.
Farrar, C. R., and James, G. H. (1997). “System identification from ambient vibration measurements on a bridge.” J. Sound Vib., 205(1), 1–18.
Farrar, C. R., and Jauregui, D. A. (1998). “Comparative study of damage identification algorithms applied to a bridge.” Smart Mater. Struct., 7(5), 704–731.
Fraser, M., Elgamal, A., Conte, J. P., Masri, S. F., Fountain, T., Gupta, A., Trivedi, M., and El Zarki, M. (2003). “Elements of an integrated health monitoring framework.” Proc., 2003 SPIE Conf. on Nondestructive Evaluation for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics, San Diego.
Fujino, Y., Hashimoto, S., and Abe, M. (2005). “Damage analysis of Hanshin Expressway viaducts during 1995 Kobe earthquake. I: Residual inclination of reinforced concrete piers.” J. Bridge Eng., 10(1), 45–53.
Gao, Y., and Spencer, J. B. F. (2002). “Damage localization under ambient vibration using changes in flexibility.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibration, 1(1), 136–144.
Hashimoto, S., Fujino, Y., and Abe, M. (2005a). “Damage analysis of Hanshin Expressway viaducts during 1995 Kobe earthquake. II: Damage mode of single reinforced concrete piers.” J. Bridge Eng., 10(1), 54–60.
Hashimoto, S., Fujino, Y., and Abe, M. (2005b). “Damage analysis of Hanshin Expressway viaducts during 1995 Kobe earthquake. III: Three-span continuous girder bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 10(1), 61–68.
Housner, G. W., et al. (1997). “Structural control: Past, present, and future.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(9), 897–971.
Housner, G., and Masri, S., eds. (1990). Proc., U.S. National Workshop on Structural Control Research, USC Publication No. M9013, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Housner, G. W., Masri, S. F., and Chassiakos, A., eds. (1994). Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural Control, Civil Engineering Dept., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles.
James, G. H., Carne, T. G., and Lauffer, J. P. (1993). “The natural excitation technique for modal parameter extraction from operating wind turbines.” Rep. No. SAND92-1666, UC-261, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M.
James, G. H., Carne, T. G., and Mayes, R. L. (1996). “Modal parameter extraction from large operating structures using ambient excitation.” Proc., 14th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Dearborn, Mich.
Juang, J. N., Cooper, J. E., and Wright, J. R. (1988). “An eigensystem realization algorithm using data correlations (era/dc) for modal parameter identification.” Control Theory Adv. Technol., 4(1), 5–14.
Juang, J. N., and Pappa, R. S. (1985). “An eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction.” J. Guid. Control Dyn., 8(5), 620–627.
Juang, J. N., and Pappa, R. S. (1986). “Effect of noise on modal parameters identified by the eigensystem realization algorithm.” J. Guid. Control Dyn., 9(3), 294–303.
Lew, J. S., Juang, J. N., and Longman, R. W. (1993). “Comparison of several system identification methods for flexible structures.” J. Sound Vib., 167(3), 461–480.
Liu, S. C., ed. (2003). SPIE Proc., Smart Systems and NDE for Civil Infrastructures, San Diego.
Liu, S. C., ed. (2004). Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Proc., SPIE 11th Annual Int. Symp. on Smart Structures and Materials, 5391, San Diego.
Lus, H., Betti, R., and Longman, R. W. (1999). “Identification of linear structural systems using earthquake-induced vibration data.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(11), 1449–1467.
Lynch, J. P., Sundararajan, A., Law, K. H., Kiremidjian, A. S., and Carryer, E. (2004). “Embedding damage detection algorithms in a wireless sensing unit for attainment of operational power efficiency.” Smart Mater. Struct., 13(4), 800–810.
Masri, S. F., Sheng, L. H., Caffrey, J. P., Nigbor, R. L., Wahbeh, M., and Abdel-Ghaffar, A. M. (2004). “Application of a web-enabled real-time structural health monitoring system for civil infrastructure systems.” Smart Mater. Struct., 13(6), 1269–1283.
Natke, H. G., Tomlinson, G. R., and Yao, J. T. P., eds. (1993). Proc., Int. Workshop on Safety Evaluation Based on Identification Approaches Related to Time Variant and Nonlinear Structures, Vieweg-Verlag, Lambrecht, Germany.
Natke, H. G., and Yao, J. T. P., eds. (1988). Structural safety evaluation based on system identification approaches, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Verlag, Braunschweig, Germany.
Peeters, B., and Roeck, G. D. (2001). “Stochastic system identification for operational modal analysis: A review.” J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., Control, 123(4), 659–667.
Pei, J., Kapoor, C., Graves-Abe, T. L., Sugeng, Y., Lynch, J. P., and Ferzli, N. A. (2006). “Reliability and data quality of a wireless sensing unit developed for structural health monitoring.” Proc., 24th Int. Modal Analysis Conf. (IMAC XXIV), St. Louis.
Smyth, A. W., ed. (2004). Proc., IASC 4th Int. Workshop on Structural Control, Columbia Univ., New York.
Smyth, A. W., Pei, J.-S., and Masri, S. F. (2003). “System identification of the Vincent Thomas suspension bridge using earthquake records.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 32(3), 339–367.
Sohn, H., Farrar, C. R., Hemez, F. M., Shunk, D. D., Stinemates, D. W., and Nadler, B. D. (2003). “A review of structural health monitoring literature: 19962001.” Rep. No. LA-13976-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.
Stubbs, N., Park, S., Sikorski, C., and Choi, S. (2000). “A global nondestructive damage assessment methodology for civil engineering structures.” Int. J. Syst. Sci., 31(11), 1361–1373.
Van Overschee, P., and De Moor, B. (1996). Subspace identification for linear systems, Kluwer Academic, Boston.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 133 • Issue 12 • December 2007
Pages: 1311 - 1325
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Jul 20, 2006
Accepted: Mar 16, 2007
Published online: Dec 1, 2007
Published in print: Dec 2007
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Lambros S. Katafygiotis
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.