One-Sided Stress Wave Velocity Measurement in Concrete
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 124, Issue 12
Abstract
Measurement of the velocity of stress waves in concrete provides valuable information on the state of the material. Recently, a number of papers have been published on wave velocity measurements in concrete when access to only one surface of the structure is possible, such as for the case of concrete pavements. In this paper, the existing one-sided methods for stress wave measurement in concrete are reviewed. Then, a modified method for one-sided stress wave velocity determination in concrete is introduced; the novel aspect of the modified technique is the data collection and processing system, which more accurately determines the arrival of the generated longitudinal and surface waves. The modified method, which is demonstrated on a variety of materials including steel, PMMA, and concretes of varying composition, is shown to be superior to existing one-sided techniques. Using the developed technique, the significant effect of the moisture content gradient within concrete on one-sided velocity measurements is demonstrated. Finally, one-sided velocity measurements are shown to be useful for monitoring the strength gain of early age concrete.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Achenbach, J. D. (1973). Wave propagation in elastic solids. North-Holland Press, Amsterdam, 310–318.
2.
Andersen, J., and Nerenst, P.(1952). “Wave velocity in concrete.”J. Am. Concrete Inst., 23, 613–635.
3.
“ASTM standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” (1996a). C 39-94, American Society for Materials and Testing, West Conshohocken, Pa.
4.
“ASTM standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete.” (1996b). C 597-83, American Society for Materials and Testing, West Conshohocken, Pa.
5.
Bungey, J. H., and Millard, S. G. (1996). Testing of concrete in structures, 3rd Ed., Blackie Academic & Professional Publishing, London, 52.
6.
Clemeña, G. G. (1994). “Use of impact-echo method in nondestructive measurement of the thickness of new concrete pavement.”Struct. Mat. Technol.—an NDT Conf., R. J. Scancella and M. E. Callahan, eds., Technomic Publishing, Inc., Lancaster, Pa, 197–201.
7.
Jones, R. (1962). Non-destructive testing of concrete. Cambridge University Press, London.
8.
Krautkrämer, J., and Krautkrämer, H. (1990). Ultrasonic testing of materials, 4th Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
9.
Lin, J., and Sansalone, M. (1997). “A procedure for determining P-wave speed in concrete for use in impact-echo testing using a Rayleigh wave speed measurement technique.”Innovations in non-destructive testing of concrete, S. P. Pessiki and L. Olson, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 137–165.
10.
Long, B. G., Kurtz, H. J., and Sandenaw, T. A. (1945). “An instrument and a technic for field determination of modulus of elasticity and flexural strength of concrete pavements.”J. Am. Concrete Inst., 16, 217– 231.
11.
Naik, T. R., and Malhotra, V. M. (1991). “The ultrasonic pulse velocity method.”Handbook on nondestructive testing of concrete, V. M. Malhotra and N. J. Carino, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 173.
12.
Nazarian, S., Baker, M., and Crain, K.(1997). “Assessing quality of concrete with wave propagation techniques.”ACI Mat. J., 94, 296–305.
13.
Nazarian, S., and Stokoe II, K. H. (1986). “Use of surface waves in pavement evaluation.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1070, Transp. Res. Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 132–144.
14.
Pessiki, S. P., and Carino, N. J.(1988). “Setting time and strength of concrete using the impact-echo method.”ACI Mat. J., 85, 389–399.
15.
Qixian, L., and Bungey, J. H.(1996). “Using compression wave ultrasonic transducers to measure the velocity of surface waves and hence determine dynamic modulus of elasticity for concrete.”Constr. and Build. Mat., 10, 237–242.
16.
Sansalone, M., Lin, J., and Streett, W. B. (1997a). “A procedure for determining concrete pavement thickness using P-wave speed measurements and the impact-echo method.”Innovations in non-destructive testing of concrete, S. P. Pessiki and L. Olson, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 167–184.
17.
Sansalone, M., Lin, J., and Streett, W. B. (1997b). “A procedure for determining P-wave speed in concrete for use in impact-echo testing using a P-wave speed measurement technique.”ACI Mat. J., 94, 531– 539.
18.
Sturrup, V. R., Vecchio, F. J., and Caratin, H. (1984). “Pulse velocity as a measure of concrete compressive strength.”In situ/nondestructive testing of concrete, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 201–227.
19.
Whitehurst, E. A.(1954). “Pulse-velocity techniques and equipment for testing concrete.”Proc., Highway Res. Board, 33, 226–242.
20.
Wu, T. T., and Fang, J. S.(1997). “A new method for measuring in situ concrete elastic constants using horizontally polarized conical transducers.”J. Acoustical Soc. of Am., 101, 330–336.
21.
Wu, T. T., Fang, J. S., Liu, G. Y., and Kuo, M. K.(1995). “Determination of elastic constants of a concrete specimen using transient elastic waves.”J. Acoustical Soc. of Am., 98, 2142–2148.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Dec 1, 1998
Published in print: Dec 1998
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.