Modeling the Effects of Macrophytes on Hydrodynamics
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 134, Issue 9
Abstract
A computer model was created as a scientific and management tool for understanding the effects of macrophytes on hydrodynamics and water quality. A model was required that could simulate macrophytes in a complex water body and could be coupled to a multicompartment water quality model of phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH, and organic matter. This would permit the investigation of water resource issues where macrophyte growth, phytoplankton growth, nutrient loadings, and flood control were all contributing factors. The model was added as a compartment to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers two-dimensional, laterally averaged, dynamic water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 (Corps of Engineers, water quality, width averaged, two dimensional) and applied to the Columbia Slough, Ore. Features of the macrophyte model include the capability to simulate multiple submerged macrophyte species; transport of nutrient fluxes between plant biomass and the water column and/or sediments; growth limitation due to nutrient, light and temperature; simulation of the spatial distribution of macrophytes vertically and horizontally; the modeling of light attenuation in the water column caused by macrophyte concentration; and the modeling of open channel flow with channel friction due to macrophytes. The macrophyte model was tested through mass balances and sensitivity analyses. The modeling of channel friction was evaluated by comparing predicted water levels with data from tests conducted in a laboratory flume. Use of the model in the Columbia Slough showed reasonable predictive capability regarding estimated biomass and water level dynamics.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Barko, J. W., Gunnison, D., Carpenter, S. R. (1991). “Sediment interactions with submersed macrophyte growth and community dynamics.” Aquat. Bot., 41(1), 41–65.
Barko, J. W., Smart, R. M., McFarland, D. G., and Chen, R. L. (1988). “Interrelationships between the growth of Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle and sediment nutrient availablility.” Aquat. Bot., 32(3), 205–216.
Best, E. P. H. (1977). “Seasonal changes in mineral and organic components of Ceratophyllum demersum and Elodea canadensis.” Aquat. Bot., 3(1), 337–348.
Best, E. P. H., and Boyd, W. A. (1999). “A simulation model for growth of the submersed aquatic macrophyte Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spictum L.).” Technical Rep. No. A-99-3, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
Carignan, R. (1985). “Nutrient dynamics in a littoral sediment colonized by the submersed macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum.” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42(7), 1303–1311.
Carr, G. M., Duthie, H. C., and Taylor, W. D. (1997). “Models of aquatic plant productivity: A review of the factors that influence growth.” Aquat. Bot., 59(3), 195–215.
Chambers, P. A., Prepas, E. E., Bothwell, M. L., and Hamilton, H. R. (1989). “Roots versus shoots in nutrient uptake by aquatic macrophytes in flowing waters.” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 46(3), 435–439.
Chen, R. L., and Barko, J. W. (1988). “Effects of freshwater macrophytes on sediment chemistry.” J. Freshwater Ecol., 4(3), 279–289.
Cole, T., and Buchak, E. (1995). “CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model, version 2.0.” Instruction Rep. No. EL-95-1, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
Cole, T., and Wells, S. (2006). “CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model, version 3.5.” Instruction Rep. No. EL-06-1, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
Collins, C. D., and Wlosinski, J. H. (1989). “A macrophyte submodel for aquatic ecosystems.” Aquat. Bot., 33(3–4), 191–206.
Davis, J. F., and McDonnell, A. J. (1997). “Development of a partitioned-biomass model for rooted macrophyte growth.” Aquat. Bot., 56(3), 265–276.
Edinger, J. E., and Buchak, E. M. (1978). “Numerical hydrodynamics of estuaries.” Estuarine and wetland processes with special emphasis on modeling, P. Hamilton and K. B. MacDonald, eds., Plenum, New York, 115–146.
Gippel, C. J. (1995). “Environmental hydraulics of large woody debris in streams and rivers.” J. Environ. Eng., 121(5), 388–395.
Hoerner, S. F. (1965). Fluid-dynamic drag.
Hsi, G., and Nath, J. H. (1968). “Wind drag within simulated forest canopy field.” Technical Rep., prepared for U.S. Army Materials Command, Grant No. DA-AMC-28-043-65-G-20.
Ikusima, I. (1970). “Ecological studies on the productivity of aquatic plant communities. IV: Light conditions and community photosynthetic production.” Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 83(1), 330–341.
Kadlec, R. H. (1990). “Overland flow in wetlands: Vegetation resistance.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(5), 691–706.
Kadlec, R. H., Hammer, D. E., Nam, I. S., and Wilkes, J. O. (1981). “The hydrology of overland flow in wetlands.” Chem. Eng. Commun., 9(1–6), 331–344.
Kouwen, N., and Unny, T. E. (1973). “Flexible roughness in open channels.” J. Hydr. Div., 99(5), 713–728.
Kouwen, N., Unny, T. E., and Hill, H. M. (1969). “Flow retardance in vegetated channels.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., 95(2), 329–342.
Madsen, T. V., and Sand-Jensen, K. (1991). “Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in aquatic macrophytes.” Aquat. Bot., 41(1), 5–40.
Nichols, D. S., and Keeney, D. R. (1976). “Nitrogen nutrition of Myriophyllum spicatum: Variation of plant tissue nitrogen concentration with season and site in Lake Wingra.” Freshwater Biol., 6(2), 145–154.
O’Brien, W. J. (1981). “Use of aquatic macrophytes for wastewater treatment.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 107(4), 681–698.
Petryk, S. (1969), “Drag on cylinders in open channel flow.” Ph.D. thesis, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.
Petryk, S., and Bosmajian, G., III. (1975). “Analysis of flow through vegetation.” J. Hydr. Div., 101(7), 871–884.
Roig, L. C. (1994). “Hydrodynamic modeling of flows in tidal wetlands.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California Davis, Davis, Calif.
Rutherford, J. C. (1977). “Modeling effects of aquatic plants in rivers.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 103(4), 575–591.
Scheffer, M., Bakema, A. H., and Wortelboer, F. G. (1993). “MEGAPLANT: A simulation model of the dynamics of submerged plants.” Aquat. Bot., 45(4), 341–356.
Sher-Kaul, S., Oertli, B., Castella, E., and Lachavanne, J. (1995). “Relationship between biomass and surface area of six submerged aquatic plant species.” Aquat. Bot., 51(1–2), 147–154.
Short, F. T., and McRoy, C. P. (1984). “Nitrogen uptake by leaves and roots of the seagrass Zostera marina L.” Botanica Marina, 27(12), 547–555.
Shugart, H. H., Goldstein, R. A., and O’Neill, R. V. (1974). “TEEM: A terrestrial ecosystem energy model for forests.” Oecologica Plantarium, 25(9), 251–284.
Sondergaard, M. (1988). “Photosynthesis of aquatic plants under natural conditions.” Vegetation of inland waters, J. J. Symoens, ed., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 63–113.
Streeter, V. L., and Wylie, E. B. (1985). Fluid mechanics, 8th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Thornton, K. W., and Lessem, A. S. (1978). “A temperature algorithm for modifying biological rates.” Trans. Am Fish. Soc., 107(2), 284–287.
Titus, J., Goldstein, R. A., Adams, M. S., Mankin, J. B., O’Neill, R. V., Weiler, P. R., Jr., Shugart, H. H., and Booth, R. S. (1975). “A production model for Myriophyllum spicatum L.” Ecology, 56(5), 1129–1138.
Titus, J. E., and Adams, M. S. (1979). “Coexistence and the comparative light relations of the submerged macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Vallisneria americana Michx.” Oecologia, 40(3), 273–286.
Van der Bijl, L., Sand-Jensen, K., and Hjermind, A. L. (1989). “Photosynthesis and canopy structure of a submerged plant, Potamogeton pectinatus, in a Danish lowland stream.” J. Ecol., 77(4), 947–962.
Wells, S. A. (1992). “Assessment of management alternatives for water quality improvement in the Columbia Slough system, Vols. 1 & 2.” Technical Rep. No. EWR-1-92, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State Univ., Portland, Ore.
Wells, S. A. (1997). “Theoretical basis of the CE-QUAL-W2 river basin model.” Technical Rep. Environmental and Water Resource, Number 6, 1997 (EWR-6-97), Dept. of Civil Engineering, Portland State Univ., Portland, Ore.
Wells, S. A., and Berger, C. J. (1994). “Hydraulic and water quality modeling of the Upper and Lower Columbia Slough: Model calibration, verification, and management alternatives report.” Technical Rep., submitted to HDR Engineering and City of Portland, Ore.
Wright, R. M., and McDonnell, A. J. (1986). “Macrophyte growth in shallow streams: Biomass model.” J. Environ. Eng., 112(5), 967–981.
Yen, B. C. (2002). “Open channel flow resistance.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 128(1), 20–39.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 134 • Issue 9 • September 2008
Pages: 778 - 788
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Apr 12, 2006
Accepted: Oct 18, 2007
Published online: Sep 1, 2008
Published in print: Sep 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.