New Protocol for the Enumeration of Salmonella and Shigella from Wastewater
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 134, Issue 3
Abstract
Development of stringent standards for the microbiological quality of the wastewater has necessitated a sensitive and efficient method for the enumeration of pathogens present in wastewaters. Standard methods are used all over the world for the identification of microbes by the public health engineers. However, this conventional method has serious problems, which are related to the long detection time required for turbid wastewaters and corresponding reduced isolation of the microbes. The Conventional method has been modified by omitting the concentration and blending steps, and named as the “Direct method.” The Direct method should be able to provide maximum possible recovery specifically for the turbid wastewaters. An existing sewage treatment plant was selected to carry out the study over a period of six months. Samples were collected from the various stages of treatment and analyzed for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella using the Conventional method and the proposed direct method. The direct method required less time compared to the Conventional method. More importantly, the recovery of Salmonella and Shigella has improved by 105% and 276%, respectively, over the Conventional method. The consistent improvement in the recovery of the pathogens has been seen at various stages of the sewage treatment.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to acknowledge the support of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, for providing a Senior Research Fellowship to Ms. Anju Pant to carry out this research work.
References
APHA. (1970). “Control of communicable diseases in man.” American Public Health Association, New York.
APHA. (1998). “Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.” American Public Health Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, American Water Works Association, Washington, D.C.
Armon, R., Dosoretz, C. G., Azov, Y., and Shelef, G. (1994). “Residual contamination of crops irrigated with effluent of different qualities: A field study.” Water Sci. Technol., 30(9), 239–248.
Ashbolt, N. J. (2003). “Methods to identify and enumerate frank and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in water and biofilms.” World Health Organization (WHO), heterotrophic plate counts and drinking-water safety, J. Bartram, J. Cotruvo, M. Exner, C. Fricker, and A. Glasmacher, eds., IWA Publishing, London.
Bej, A. K., Steffan, R. J., DiCesare, J., Haff, L., and Atlas, R. M. (1990). “Detection of coliform bacteria in water by polymerase chain reaction and gene probes.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56(2), 307–314.
Collee, J. G., Duguid, J. P., Fraser, A. G., and Marmion, B. P. (1989). Mackie and McCartney practical medical microbiology, Churchill Livingstone Publishers, London.
Dobranic, J. K. (2004). “IAQ investigators often overlook bacteria as the root cause of occupant complaints.” http://www.environmental-expert.com/resulteacharticle4.asp?codi=3595 (Aug. 2, 2006).
Dunn, C., and Martin, W. J. (1971). “Comparison of media for isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from fecal specimens.” Appl. Microbiol., 22(1), 17–22.
Gantzer, C., Senouci, S., Maul, A., Lévi, Y., and Schwartzbrod, L. (1999). “Entero virus detection from wastewater by rt-pcr and cell culture.” Water Sci. Technol., 40(2), 105–109.
Geldreich, E. E., Allen, M. J., and Taylor, R. H. (1978). “Interferences to coliform detection in potable water supplies.” Evaluation of the microbiology standards for drinking water, EPA-570/9-78-OOC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Health Canada. (2003). “Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: Supporting documentation—Turbidity.” Water quality and health bureau, healthy environments and consumer safety branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Kapil, A., Sood, S., Reddaiah, V. P., Das, B., and Seth, P. (1997). “Paratyphoid fever due to Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A.” Emerg. Infect. Dis., 3(3), 407.
Kong, R. Y. C., Pelling, A., So, C. L., and Wu, R. S. S. (1999). “Identification of oligonucleotide primers targeted at the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacers for Genus- and Species-specific detection of aeromonads.” Mar. Pollution Bull., 38(9), 802–808.
Mara, D. D., and Feachem, R. G. A. (2003). “Unitary environmental classification of water- and excreta-related communicable diseases.” The handbook of water and wastewater microbiology, D. Mara and N. Horan, eds., Academic Press, New York, 186–192.
Murray, C. J. L., and Lopez, A. D. (1996). “The global burden of disease.” Global burden of disease and injury series, Vol. 2, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Nair, L., Sudarsana, J., and Pushpa, K. K. (2004). “Epidemic of Salmonella enteritica serotype paratyphi A in Calicut-Kerala.” Calicut Med. J., 2(4), e2.
Pearce, P., Ghuman, H., Prabhakar, H., and Hobbs, B. C. (1995). “Shigella isolates in stool.” Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol., 38(2), 173–175.
Perdek, J. M., Arnone, R. D., Stinson, M. K., and Tuccillo, M. E. (2003). “Detection methods and alternate indicator organism.” Managing urban watershed pathogen contamination EPA/600/R-03/111, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati.
Pyle, B. H., Broadaway, S. C., and McFeters, G. A. (1995). “A rapid, direct method for enumerating respiring enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61(7), 2614–2619.
Saha, M. R., Saha, D., Dutta, P., Mitra, U., and Bhattacharya, S. K. (2001). “Isolation of Salmonella enterica serotypes from children with diarrhoea in Calcutta.” Indian J. Health Popul. Nutr., 19(4), 301–305.
Shuval, H. I., Fattal, B., and Yekutiel, P. (1986). “State of the art review: An epidemiological approach to the health effects of wastewater reuse.” Water Sci. Technol., 18(9), 147–162.
Sobsey, M. D., Battigelli, D. A., Shin, G.-A., and Newland, S. (1998). “RT-PCR amplification detects inactivated viruses in water and wastewater.” Water Sci. Technol., 38(12), 91–94.
Van Kessel, J. S., Karns, J. S., and Perdue, M. L. (2003). “Using a portable real-time PCR assay to detect Salmonella in raw milk.” J. Food Prot, 66(10), 1762–1767.
Warnes, S. L., and Keevil, C. W. (2003). “Desk studies on feasibility of horizontal standard rapid methods for detection of E. coli (including E. coli O157) and Salmonella.” http://www.ecn.nl/docs/society/horizontal/hor_desk_3_ec_sal_rapid.pdf (Feb. 5, 2006).
Way, J. S., Josephson, K. L., Pillai, S. D., Abbaszadegan, M., Gerba, C. P., and Pepper, I. L. (1993). “Specific detection of Salmonella spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59(5), 1473–1479.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 134 • Issue 3 • March 2008
Pages: 222 - 226
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 28, 2006
Accepted: Sep 18, 2007
Published online: Mar 1, 2008
Published in print: Mar 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.