Effects of Groundwater Velocity and Permanganate Concentration on DNAPL Mass Depletion Rates during In Situ Oxidation
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 134, Issue 1
Abstract
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using permanganate has been increasingly applied to deplete mass from dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones. However, uncertainty in the performance of ISCO on DNAPL contaminants is partially attributable to a limited understanding of interactions between the oxidant, subsurface hydrology, and DNAPL mass transfer, resulting in failure to optimize ISCO applications. To investigate these interactions, a factorial design experiment was conducted using one-dimensional flow through tube reactors to determine how groundwater velocity, permanganate concentration, and DNAPL type affected DNAPL mass depletion rates. DNAPL mass depletion rates were found to increase with increasing groundwater velocity, or increasing oxidant concentration. An interaction occurred between the two factors, where high oxidant concentrations had little impact on mass depletion rates at high velocities. High oxidant concentration systems experienced gas generation. Mass depletion rates were fastest at high velocities, but required additional oxidant mass and pore volume addition to achieve complete mass depletion. Lower-velocity systems were more efficient with respect to oxidant mass and pore volume requirements, but mass depletion rates were reduced.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Funding for this research was provided by the Department of Defense through the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, under Grant No. CU-1290 “Reaction and Transport Processes Controlling In Situ Chemical Oxidation of DNAPLs.”
References
Benjamin, M. M. (2002). Water chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Conrad, S. H., Glass, R. J., and Peplinski, W. J. (2002). “Bench-scale visualization of DNAPL remediation processes in analog heterogeneous aquifers: Surfactant floods and in situ oxidation using permanganate.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 58, 13–49.
Heiderscheidt, J. L. (2005). “DNAPL source zone depletion during in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO): Experimental and modeling studies,” Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.
Huang, K.-C., Chheda, P., Hoag, G. E., Woody, B. A., and Dobbs, G. M. (2000). “Pilot-scale study of in situ chemical oxidation of trichloroethene with sodium permanganate.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif., 145–152.
Huang, K.-C., Hoag, G. E., Chheda, P., Woody, B. A., and Dobbs, G. M. (2002). “Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of tetrachloroethylene with permanganate.” Chemosphere, 46, 815–825.
Imhoff, P. T., Jaffé, P. R., and Pinder, G. F. (1993). “An experimental study of complete dissolution of a nonaqueous phase liquid in saturated porous media.” Water Resour. Res., 30(2), 307–320.
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC). (2005). Technology and regulatory guidance for in situ chemical oxidation of contaminated soil and groundwater, ITRC, Washington, D.C.
Jackson, S. F. (2004). “Comparative evaluation of potassium permanganate and catalyzed hydrogen peroxide during in situ chemical oxidation of DNAPLs.” MS thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.
Kim, K., and Gurol, M. D. (2004). “Nonaqueous-phase TCE degradation in the presence of permanganate in batch system.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif.
Lee, E. S., Seol, Y., Fang, Y. C., and Schwartz, F. W. (2003). “Destruction efficiencies and dynamics of reaction fronts associated with the permanganate oxidation of trichloroethylene.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(11), 2540–2546.
Li, X. D., and Schwartz, F. W. (2003). “Permanganate oxidation schemes for the remediation of source zone DNAPLs and dissolved contaminant plumes.” Chlorinated solvent and DNAPL remediation, S. M. Henry and S. D. Warner, eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 73–85.
Li, X. D., and Schwartz, F. W. (2004). “DNAPL remediation with in situ chemical oxidation using potassium permanganate. II: Increasing removal efficiency by dissolving Mn oxide precipitates.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 68, 269–287.
MacKinnon, L. K., and Thomson, N. R. (2002). “Laboratory-scale in situ chemical oxidation of a perchloroethylene pool using permanganate.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 56, 49–74.
McGuire, T. M., McDade, J. M., and Newell, C. J. (2006). “Performance of DNAPL source depletion technologies at 59 chlorinated solvent-impacted sites.” Ground Water Monit. Rem., 26(1), 73–84.
Miller, C. T., Poirier-McNeill, M. M., and Mayer, A. S. (1990). “Dissolution of trapped nonaqueous phase liquids: Mass transfer characteristics.” Water Resour. Res., 26(11), 2783–2796.
Petri, B. G. (2006). “Impacts of subsurface permanganate delivery parameters on dense nonaqueous-phase liquid mass depletion rates.” MS thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.
Powers, S. E., Abriola, L. M., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (1994). “An experimental investigation of nonaqueous-phase liquid dissolution in saturated subsurface systems: Transient mass transfer rates.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 30(2), 321–332.
Reitsma, S., and Dai, Q. L. (2001). “Reaction-enhanced mass transfer and transport from nonaqueous-phase liquid source zones.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 49, 49–66.
Reitsma, S., and Marshall, M. (2000). “Experimental study of oxidation of pooled NAPL.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif., 25–32.
Roy, J. W., and Smith, J. E. (2007). “Multiphase flow and transport caused by spontaneous gas phase growth in the presence of dense nonaqueous-phase liquid.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 89, 251–269.
Schnarr, M., Truax, C., Farquhar, G., Hood, E., Gonullu, T., and Stickney, B. (1998). “Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene DNAPLs in porous media.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 29, 205–224.
Schroth, M. H., Oostrom, M., Wietsma, T. W., and Istok, J. D. (2001). “In situ oxidation of trichloroethene by permanganate: Effects on porous medium hydraulic properties.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 50, 79–98.
Siegrist, R. L., Urynowicz, M. A., West, O. R., Crimi, M. L., and Lowe, K. S. (2001). Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio.
Struse, A. M., Siegrist, R. L., Dawson, H. E., and Urynowicz, M. A. (2002). “Diffusive transport of permanganate during in situ oxidation.” J. Environ. Eng., 128(4), 327–334.
Thomson, N. R., Hood, E. D., and MacKinnon, L. K. (2000). “Source zone mass removal using permanganate: Expectations and potential limitations.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif., 9–16.
Tunnicliffe, B. S., and Thompson, N. R. (2004). “Mass removal of chlorinated ethenes from rough-walled fractures using permanganate.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 75, 91–114.
Urynowicz, M. A. (2000). “Dense nonaqueous phase trichloroethene degradation with permanganate ion.” Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.
Urynowicz, M. A., and Siegrist, R. L. (2005). “Interphase mass transfer during chemical oxidation of a TCE DNAPL in an aqueous system.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 80, 93–106.
Yan, Y. E., and Schwartz, F. W. (1999). “Oxidative degradation and kinetics of chlorinated ethylenes by potassium permanganate.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 37, 343–365.
Yan, Y. E., and Schwartz, F. W. (2000). “Kinetics and mechanisms for TCE oxidation by permanganate.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(12), 2535–2541.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 134 • Issue 1 • January 2008
Pages: 1 - 13
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 9, 2006
Accepted: Feb 27, 2007
Published online: Jan 1, 2008
Published in print: Jan 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.