Valve Distribution and Impact Analysis in Water Distribution Systems
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 8
Abstract
In water distribution systems, valves play a crucial role in system reliability and security by providing a shutoff function when it is necessary to isolate subsystems. In this paper failure of shutoff valves to close is considered. The failure impact is quantified in terms of the expanding subnetwork and the increased number of customers out of service. To evaluate a system-wide valve failure impact, three methods are suggested: segment–valve matrix, decision tree analysis, and simulation. The segment–valve matrix shows the propagation of failure through the network as valves fail to close. The decision tree enumerates all possible valve failure combinations and corresponding event probabilities. Because the complete enumeration can be unwieldy, simulation procedures are offered that approximate the enumeration results closely. The details of the methods are illustrated with the aid of an example.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers are grateful to the AWWA Research Foundation for supporting this research. The writers also wish to thank Mr. John Hammell and Ms. S. McCammon of the Weston Solutions, Inc. for many insightful discussions. They are also grateful to the reviewers for their constructive comments.
References
Baranowski, T., Walski, T., Wu, Z., Mankowski, R., and Hartell, W. (2003). “Trading off reliability and cost in optimal water distribution system design.” Proc., EWRI World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Philadelphia.
Bouchart, F., and Goulter, I. (1991). “Reliability improvements in design of water distribution networks recognizing valve location.” Water Resour. Res. 27(12), 3029–3040.
Boulos, P. F., Lansey, K. E., and Karney, B. W. (2004). Comprehensive water distribution systems analysis handbook for engineers and planners, MWH Software Inc., Pasadena, Calif.
Hammer, M. J., and Hammer, M. J., Jr. (2001). Water and wastewater technology, 4th Ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
Hoff, J. W. (1996). “Maintenance requirements of valves in distribution systems.” Proc. Annual Conf. AWWA, Toronto.
Jones, C. R., and Tenera, L. P. (1998). “Valve operation and maintenance is a key to power plant reliability.” Power Eng. J., 92(7), 24–27.
Jowitt, P. W., and Xu, C. (1990). “Optimal valve control in water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 116(4), 455–472.
Jun, H., Loganathan, G. V., Deb, A. K., Grayman, W., and Snyder, J. (2005). “Isolating segments in a water distribution network.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Efficient Use and Management of Water, Santiago, Chile.
Jun, H. D. (2005). “Strategic valve locations in water distribution system,” Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Karjalainen, R., and Hogstrom, K. K. (2001). “Emergency valve reliability: The intelligent solution.” The National Engineer, Jan/Feb, 37–39.
KIWA Water Research. (2001). “Key criteria for valve operation and maintenance.” Proc., AWWARF -KIWA Workshop, BTO 2001.155(S), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
Kovan, D. (2000). “Cutting the costs of valve maintenance—How to make a big difference.” Nuclear Engineering International, 45(546), 21–23.
Lansey, K. E. (2006). “The evolution of optimizing water distribution system applications.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symp., Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.
Ozger, S., and Mays, L. W. (2005). “Optimal location of isolation valves: A reliability approach.” Water supply systems security, L. W. Mays, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Reis, L. F., Porto, R. M., and Chaudhry, F. H. (1997). “Optimal location of control valves in pipe networks by genetic algorithm.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 123(6), 317–326.
Shea, S. (1991). “Valve maintenance in Boston.” Proc., Resources Engineering and Operations for the New Decades, Annual Conf., AWWA, Denver, 561–566.
Skousen, P. L. (1997). Valve handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Smith, P., and Zappe, R. W. (2004). Valve selection handbook, Elsevier, Burlington, Mass.
Su, Y. C., Mays, L. W., Duan, N., and Lansey, K. E. (1987). “Reliability-based optimization model for water distribution systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 113(12), 1539–1556.
Vairavamoorthy, K., and Lumbers, J. (1998). “Leakage reduction in water distribution systems: Optimal valve control.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(11), 146–1154.
Walski, T. M. (1993a). “Practical aspects of providing reliability in water distribution systems.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 42, 13–19.
Walski, T. M. (1993b). “Water distribution valve topology for reliability analysis.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf., 42, 21–27.
Walski, T. M. (2002) “Issues in providing reliability in water distribution systems.” Proc., ASCE Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) Annual Conf., Roanoke, Va.
Walski, T. M., Weiler, J. S., and Culver, T. (2006). “Using criticality analysis to identify impact of valve location.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Ysusi, M. (2000). “System design: An overview.” Water distribution systems handbook, L. W. Mays, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 8 • August 2007
Pages: 790 - 799
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 22, 2006
Accepted: Jan 8, 2007
Published online: Aug 1, 2007
Published in print: Aug 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.