Pesticide Runoff Loads from Lawns and Golf Courses
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 4
Abstract
Pesticide runoff loads from grass surfaces were estimated for 29 chemicals commonly applied to U.S. lawns and golf courses. Data on pesticide properties and typical application rates and schedules were developed and summarized as input parameters for the TurfPQ runoff model. Weather data for each of 9 U.S. cities were generated by the USCLIMATE model and modified by the addition of growing season irrigation. Simulation runs were made for each chemical, grass surface (lawns, greens, fairways), and city, and the results were summarized as mean annual and 1-in-10 year annual maximum daily pesticide loads. These loads varied greatly with pesticide, grass surface, and city, ranging from 0 to for mean loads and 0 to for 1-in-10 year daily loads. Mean annual loads averaged over the 29 chemicals and 3 grass surfaces were found to be closely related to growing season precipitation. Variations among the nine cities were well-captured by three general climate categories: Humid, characterized by abundant precipitation and warm temperatures, represented by Atlanta and Houston; temperate, with moderate precipitation and temperature, as with Albany, Columbus, Madison, and Olympia; and dry, with sparse precipitation, represented by Bismarck, Fresno, and Roswell. Mean annual pesticide runoff was 37, 9, and in the humid, temperate, and dry regions, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Agricultural Research Service. (2006). “The ARS pesticide properties database.” U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6433 (Jan. 26, 2006).
Ahrens, W. D., ed. (1994). Herbicide handbook, 7th Ed., Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, Ill.
Baniecki, J. F., and Culik, M. (1995). “Pesticide usage on turf of West Virginia.” West Virginia Univ. Extension Service, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, W.Va.
Brennan, B. M., Higashi, A. K., and Murdoch, C. L. (1999). “Estimated pesticide use on golf courses in Hawaii.” Extension Pesticide Programs, Univ. of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii, http://pesticides.hawaii.edu/epp/reportglf.html (Jan. 26, 2006).
Brown, C. (2003a). Golf course pesticide use in New Jersey–2002 survey, Pesticide Evaluation and Monitoring, New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection, Trenton, N.J.
Brown, C. (2003b). Lawn care pesticide use in New Jersey–2001 survey, Pesticide Evaluation and Monitoring, New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection, Trenton, N.J.
Bruneau, A. H. (2003). “Pest control for professional turfgrass managers 2003.” Rep. No. AG-408, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C.
Clarke, B. B., Koppenhofer, A., and Hart, S. (2003). “2003 pest control recommendations for lawn and turf areas.” Bulletin No. E037S, Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
Cohen, S., Svrjcek, A., Durborow, T., and Barnes, N. L. (1999). “Water quality impacts by golf courses.” J. Environ. Qual., 28(3), 798–809.
Duborow, T. E., Barnes, N. L., Cohen, S. Z., Horst, G. L., and Smith, A. E. (2000). “Calibration and validation of runoff and leaching models for turf pesticides and comparison with monitoring results.” Fate and management of turfgrass chemicals, J. M. Clark, and M. P. Kenna, eds., ACS Symp. Series 743, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 195–227.
Electronic Data Information Source. (2006). “Turgrass pest management.” Univ. of Florida Cooperative Extension, Gainesville, Fla., http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC_Turfgrass_IPM (Jan. 26, 2006).
Haith, D. A. (2001). “TurfPQ, a pesticide runoff model for turf.” J. Environ. Qual., 30(3), 1033–1039.
Haith, D. A. (2002). “TurfPQ, a pesticide model for turf: Errata.” J. Environ. Qual., 31(2), 701–702.
Haith, D. A., and Andre, B. (2000). “Curve number approach for estimating runoff from turf.” J. Environ. Qual., 29(5), 1548–1554.
Haith, D. A., and Rossi, F. S. (2003). “Risk assessment of pesticide runoff from turf.” J. Environ. Qual., 32(2), 447–455.
Hamon, W. R. (1961). “Estimating potential evapotranspiration.” J. Hydr. Div., 87(3), 107–120.
Hanson, C. L., Cumming, K. A., Woolhiser, D. A., and Richardson, C. W. (1994). “Microcomputer program for daily weather simulation in the contiguous United States.” ARS-114, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Harivandi, M. A. (1984). “Thatch–The turf manager’s hidden enemy.” California Turfgrass Culture, 34(1), 1–3.
IPM Education and Publications. (2003). UC IPM pest management guidelines: Turfgrass, UC Statewide IPM Program, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.
Koss, W. K., Owenby, J. R., Steurer, P. M., and Ezell, D. S. (1988). Freeze/frost data, Climatology of the U.S. No. 20, Supplement No. 1, National Climatic Data Center, Ashville, N.C.
Ma, Q. L., Smith, A. E., Hook, J. E., Smith, R. E., and Bridges, D. C. (1999a). “Surface transport of 2,4-D from small turf plots: Observations compared with GLEAMS and PRZM-2 model simulations.” Pestic. Sci., 55(4), 423–433.
Ma, Q. L., Smith, A. E., Hook, J. E., Smith, R. E., and Bridges, D. C. (1999b). “Water runoff and pesticide transport from a golf course fairway: Observations vs. Opus model simulations.” J. Environ. Qual., 28(5), 1463–1473.
Martin, J. C. (2003). Lawn care calendar for central Ohio, Ohio State Univ. Extension–Franklin County, Columbus, Ohio.
Merrigan, S. D., Baker, P., Kopec, D., and Clark, M. (1996). “Arizona golf course pesticide use survey.” Publication No. 895024, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
National Arbor Day Foundation. (2006). “2004 Arborday.org hardiness zones map.” http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm (Jan. 26, 2006).
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. (2006). “Comparative climatic data.” http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore.prodspecific?prodnum=C00095-PUB-A0001 (Jan. 26, 2006).
Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2006). “Pesticide properties database.” http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/pestmgt/winpst.html#update%20winpst%20ppd (Jan. 26, 2006).
PAN Pesticides Database. (2006). “California pesticide use on ornamental turf in 2003.” http://www.pesticideinfo.org/DS.jsp?sk=33008 (Jan. 26, 2006).
Primi, P., Surgan, M. H., and Urban, T. (1994). “Leaching potential of turf care pesticides: A case study of Long Island golf courses.” Ground Water Monit. Rem., 14(3), 129–138.
Provey, J. (2002). “The easy way to maintain your lawn.” Flower and Garden, 46(2), 34–37.
Racke, K. D. (1993). “Urban pest control scenarios and chemicals.” Pesticides in urban environments: Fate and significance, K. D. Racke, and A. R. Leslie, eds., ACS Symposium Series 522, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 2–9.
Reicher, Z., and Throssell, C. (1998). Maintenance calendar for Indiana lawns, Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.
Schueler, T. R. (2000a). “Minimizing the impact of golf courses on streams.” The practice of watershed protection, T. R. Schueler and H. K. Holland, eds., Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Md., 673–675.
Schueler, T. R. (2000b). “Urban pesticides: From lawn to stream.” The oractice of watershed protection, T. R. Schueler and H. K. Holland, eds., Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Md., 37–43.
Tomlin, C., ed. (2000). The pesticide manual, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, U.K.
USEPA. (2006). “Questions and answers on lawn pesticides.” Pesticide Management Education Program, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y., http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/issues/ (Jan. 26, 2006).
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). (1999). “The quality of our nation’s waters—Nutrients and pesticides.” U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 1225, Washington, D.C.
Vance Communication. (2006). “Greenbook database of labels, MSDS, and supplemental labels.” http://www.greenbook.net/ (Jan. 26, 2006).
Wauchope, R. D., Williams, R. G., and Marti, L. R. (1990). “Runoff of sulfometuron-methyl and cyanazine from small plots: Effects of formulation and grass cover.” J. Environ. Qual., 19(1), 119–125.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 4 • April 2007
Pages: 435 - 446
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 8, 2006
Accepted: Sep 18, 2006
Published online: Apr 1, 2007
Published in print: Apr 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.