Novel Hybrid Filter for the Treatment of Septic Tank Effluent

Intermittent sand filtration is a common and effective method for treating septic tank effluent. However, if the loading rate is too high, clogging and ponding of the sand filter surface layer can occur due to the accumulation of excessive biomass and the deposition of suspended solids. This ponding limits the practicality of sand filtration as it makes it necessary to take the filter out of service for maintenance. The objective of this study was to develop and test, on-site, a new hybrid filter system that would reduce the risk of clogging at an organic loading rate substantially greater than the maximum recommended loading rate for intermittent sand filters. The system comprised a $0.6\mathrm{m}$ deep horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR) over a $0.85\mathrm{m}$ deep stratified sand filter. The HFBR consisted of a stack of 20 horizontal corrugated polyvinyl chloride sheets, at $32\mathrm{mm}$ vertical spacings. The sheets were arranged so that the wastewater flowed over and back along alternate sheets down through the stack. The main biofilm growth formed on these sheets. The hybrid filter was loaded with septic tank effluent from an office/garage complex at the rate of $206\mathrm{L}∕{\mathrm{m}}^2\mathrm{day}$ for a period of 400 days in two phases. During the first phase, the effluent volume of $600\mathrm{L}∕\mathrm{day}$ was applied in 24 doses/day for $10\min ∕\mathrm{dose}$ , and during the second phase in 6 doses/day for $40\min ∕\mathrm{dose}$ . Biofilms in the HFBR substantially reduced the organic and suspended solids loads that reached the sand filter surface and allowed an average total biochemical oxygen demand $\left({\mathrm{BOD}}_T\right)$ loading rate, based on HFBR plan area, of $37\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{BOD}}_T∕{\mathrm{m}}^2\mathrm{day}$ to be applied to the system without clogging. This rate was substantially greater than the maximum recommended loading rate of $24\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{BOD}}_T∕{\mathrm{m}}^2\mathrm{day}$ for intermittent sand filters. During both loading phases a ${\mathrm{BOD}}_T$ removal of 94% was achieved and nitrification was nearly complete. The average effluent ${\mathrm{BOD}}_T$ was $12\pm 4\mathrm{mg}∕\mathrm{L}$ during both phases. The hybrid filter system appeared to perform better in terms of suspended solids handling and nitrification during the more frequent dosing phase. The hybrid filtration system offers a more compact alternative to intermittent sand filtration on its own with little risk of clogging.