Framework for Recycling of Wastes in Construction
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 129, Issue 10
Abstract
Waste and recycled materials (WRM) that are used in structural systems are required to satisfy material strength, durability, and leachability requirements. These materials exhibit a wide variety of characteristics, owing to the diversity of industrial processes that produce them. Several laboratory-based investigations have been conducted to assess the pollution potential and load-bearing capacity of materials such as petroleum-contaminated soils, coal combustion ash, flue-gas desulphurization gypsum, and foundry sand. For full-scale systems that incorporate WRM, although environmental pollution potential and structural integrity are interrelated, comprehensive schemes have not been widely used for integrated assessment of the relevant field-scale performance factors. In this paper, a framework for such an assessment is proposed and presented in the form of a flowchart. The proposed framework enables economic, environmental, worker safety, and engineering factors to be addressed in a number of sequential steps. Quantitative methods and test protocols that have been developed can be incorporated into the proposed scheme for assessing the feasibility of using WRM as partial or full substitutes for traditional materials in construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Coal Ash Association (ACAA). (1998). Coal combustion product (CCP) production and use—1997 in the USA, Alexandria, Va.
Bai, M., Inyang, H. I., Chen, C. C., and Bruell, C. (2000). “Factors for assessing flow and transport in fractured porous media.” Remediation in Rock Masses, ASCE Special Publication, H. I. Inyang and C. J. Bruell, eds., New York, 12–27.
Bai, M., Roegiers, J. C., and Inyang, H. I.(1996). “Contaminant transport in nonisothermal fractured media.” J. Environ. Eng., 122(5), 416–423.
Bai, R., and Sutanto, M.(2002). “The practice and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore.” Waste Manage., 22, 557–567.
Baranger, P., Azaroual, M., Freyssinet, P., Lanini, S., and Piantone, P.(2002). “Weathering of a MSW bottom ash heap: a modeling approach.” Waste Manage., 22, 173–179.
Barna, R., Sanchez, F., Moszkowicz, P., and Mehu, J.(1997). “Leaching behavior of pollutants in stabilized/solidified wastes.” J. Hazard. Mat., 52, 287–310.
Batchelor, B.(1998). “Leach models for contaminants immobilized by pH-dependent mechanisms.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1721–1726.
Battacharjee, U., and Kandpal, T. C.(2000). “Potential of fly ash utilization in India.” Energy (Oxford), 27, 151–166.
Baur, I., Ludwig, C., and Johnson, C. A.(2001). “The leaching behavior of cement stabilized air pollution control residues: a comparison of field and laboratory investigations.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2817–2822.
Baverman, C., Sapiej, A., Moreno, L., and Neretnicks, I.(1997). “Serial batch tests performed on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and electric arc furnace slag in combination with computer modeling.” Waste Manage. Res., 15, 55–71.
Bennett, J. P., and Kwong, J. K. (1997). “Recycling/alternative use of spent refractories.” Iron Steel Making, January, 23–27.
Beretka, J., de Vito, B., Santori, L., Sherman, N., and Valenti, G. L.(1993). “Utilization of industrial wastes and byproducts for the synthesis of special cements.” Resour. Conservation Recycling, 9, 179–190.
Bishop, P. L. (1986). “Prediction of heavy metal leaching rates from stabilized/solidified hazardous wastes.” Proc., 18th Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conf., Pittsburgh, 236–252.
Bowders, J. J., Usmen, M. A., and Gidley, J. S. (1987). “Stabilized fly ash for use as low-permeability barriers.” Proc., ASCE Geotechnical Division Specialty Conf. on Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal, ASCE, New York, 320–333.
Chadwick, M. J., Highton, N. H., and Lindman, N. (1987). Environmental impacts of coal mining and utilization, 1st Ed., Pergamon, New York, 171–217.
Chang, E. E., Chiang, P. C., Lu, P. H., and Ko, Y. W.(2001). “Comparisons of metal leachability for various wastes by extraction and leaching methods.” Chemosphere, 45, 91–99.
Chen, G., Lee, H., Young, K. L., Yue, P. L., Wong, A., Tao, T., and Choi, K. K.(2002a). “Glass recycling in cement production—an innovative approach.” Waste Manage., 22, 747–753.
Chen, X., Jeyaseelan, S., and Graham, N.(2002b). “Physical and chemical properties study of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge.” Waste Manage., 22, 755–760.
Choi, C. L., Park, M., Lee, D. H., Kim, J., Park, B-Y., and Choi, J.(2001). “Salt-thermal zeolitization of fly ash.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2812–2816.
Collivignarelli, C., and Sorlini, S.(2002). “Reuse of municipal solid wastes incineration fly ashes in concrete mixtures.” Waste Manage., 22, 909–912.
Comans, R. N. J., Meima, J. A., and Geelhoed, P. A.(2000). “Reduction of contaminant leaching from MSW/bottom ash by addition of sorbing components.” Waste Manage., 20, 125–133.
Cote, P. L., and Isabel, D. (1984). “Application of dynamic leaching test to solidified hazardous wastes.” Hazardous and Industrial Waste Management and Testing: 3rd Symp., ASTM STP 851, Philadelphia, 48–60.
Crannell, B. S., Eighmy, T. T., Krzanowski, J. E., Eusden, J. D., Shaw, W. L., and Francis, C. A.(2000). “Heavy metal stabilization in municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash using soluble phosphate.” Waste Manage., 20, 135–148.
Dijkstra, J. J., van der Sloot, H. A., and Comans, R. N. J.(2002). “Process identification and model development of contaminant transport in MSW/bottom ash.” Waste Manage., 22, 531–441.
Di Vita, G.(2001). “Technological change, growth and waste recycling.” Energy Economics, 23, 549–567.
Economic Intelligence Service (EIS). (1996). India’s energy sector, Center for Monitoring Indian Economy Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
Eikelboom, R. T., Ruwiel, E., and Goumans, J. J. J. M.(2001). “The building materials decree: an example of a Dutch regulation based on the potential impact of materials on the environment.” Waste Manage., 21, 295–302.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). (1987). “Chemical characterization of fossil fuel combustion wastes.” Final Rep. EPRI EA-5321, Palo Alto, Calif.
Fallman, A.(1997). “Performance and design of the availability test for measurement of the potentially leachable amounts from waste materials.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 735–744.
Fallman, A-M., and Aurell, B.(1996). “Leaching tests for environmental assessment of inorganic substances in wastes, Sweden.” Sci. Total Environ., 178, 71–84.
Feda, J.(2002). “Notes on the effect of grain crushing on the granular soil behavior.” Eng. Geol. (Amsterdam), 63, 93–98.
Fleming, L. N., Abinteh, H., and Inyang, H. I.(1996). “Leachant pH effects on the leachability of metals from ash.” J. Soil Contaminat, 5(1), 53–59.
Fleming, L. N., and Inyang, H. I.(1995). “The permeability of clay-modified fly ash under thermal gradient.” J. Mater. Eng., 7(3), 178–182.
Freyssinet, P., Piantone, P., Azaroual, M., Itard, Y., Clozel-Leloup, B., Guyonnet, D., and Baubron, J. C.(2002). “Chemical changes and leachate mass balance of municipal solid waste bottom ash submitted to weathering.” Waste Manage., 22, 159–172.
Garcez, I., Tittlebaum, M. E., and Montgomery, J. M.(1987). “Leachability of lignite fly ash-enhanced road base.” J. Envir. Sci. Health., A22(7), 607–625.
Gnanendram, C. T., Woodburn, L., and Lo, S-C. R. (2002). “Use of crushed building demolition waste and old pavement materials for road construction.” Proc., Int. Symp. On Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development, Seoul, Korea, 721–729.
Griffin, R. A., Schuller, R. M., Suloway, J. J., Shimp, N. F., Childers, E. F., and Shiley, R. H. (1980). “Chemical and biological characterization of leachates from coal solid wastes.” Environmental Geology Note, 89, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Ill.
Hansen, H. K., Pedersen, A. J., Ottosen, L. M., and Villumsen, A.(2001). “Speciation and mobility of cadmium in straw and wood combustion fly ash.” Chemosphere, 45, 123–128.
Havukainen, J. K. (2002). “More than 20 years experience of coal ash utilization in Helsinki.” Proc., 6th Int. Symp. on Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development, Seoul, Korea, 455–461.
Hayward, P. J., Watson, D. G., McIlwain, A. K., George, I. M., and Mitchell, S. L.(1986). “Leaching studies of sphere ceramics containing substituted radionuclides.” Nucl. Chemical Waste Manage., 6, 71–80.
Herck, P. V., and Vandecasteele, C.(2001). “Evaluation of the use of a sequential extraction procedure for the characterization and treatment of metal containing solid waste.” Waste Manage., 21, 685–694.
Hertwich, E. G.(2001). “Intermittent rainfall in dynamic multimedia fate modeling.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 936–940.
Hickle, R. D. (1996). “Impermeable asphalt concrete pond liner.” Civ. Eng. (N.Y.), August, 56–59.
Huang, S. L.(2003). “Investigation of the desorption of cadmium from different-sized sediments.” J. Environ. Eng., 129(3), 241–247.
Inyang, H. I. (1992). “Energy-related waste materials in geotechnical systems: durability and environmental considerations.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Environmental Issues and Management in Energy and Mineral Production, Calgary, Canada, 1165–1173.
Inyang, H. I. (1998). “Reuse of contaminated soils in constructed facilities.” CEEST/005R-98, Technical Rep. of Analysis sponsored by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Center for Environmental Engineering, Science and Technology, Univ. of Massachusetts, Lowell.
Inyang, H. I., Ogunro, V. O., and Hooper, F.(2003). “Simplified calculation of maximum allowable contaminant concentration in waste-amended construction materials.” Resources, Conservation Recycling 39(1), 19–32.
Ishimoto, H., Origuchi, T., and Yasuda, M.(2000). “Use of papermaking sludge as new material.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 12(4), 310–313.
Jackson, K., (1986). “ASTM Standard Leach Test D 3986: A History.” Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing and Disposal, D. Lorenzen et al., eds., American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM STP 933.
Kocasoy, G., Curi, K., and Guvener, Z. (1999). “Conversion of solid wastes into beneficial products.” Proc., 7th Int. Waste Management and Landfill Symp., Calgary, Italy, 441–448.
Korhonen, J.(2001). “Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem.” J. Cleaner Production, 9, 253–259.
Kosson, D. S., van der Sloot, H. A., Sanchez, F., and Garrabrants, A. C.(2002). “An integrated framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of secondary materials.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 19(3), 159–203.
Kostecki, P. T., Calabrese, E. J., and Fleischer, E. J. (1989). “Asphalt batching of petroleum contaminated soils as viable remedial option.” Petroleum contaminated soils: Remediation techniques, environmental fate, and risk assessment, P. Kostecki and E. Calabrese, eds.
Lowe, E. A.(1997). “Creating by-product resource exchanges: strategies for eco-industrial parks.” J. Cleaner Production, 5(1-2), 57–65.
Meima, J. A., and Comans, R. N. J.(1997). “Geochemical modeling of weathering reactions in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1269–1276.
Meima, J. A., and Comans, R. N. J.(1998). “Application of surface complexation/precipitation modeling to contaminant leaching from weathered municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 688–693.
Miner, R. A., Maltby, C. V., and Dell, L. R.(1986). “The results of an interlaboratory study of a column method for leaching solid wastes.” Hazardous Industrial Solid Waste Testing Disposal, 6, ASTM STP 933, 375–389.
Moo-Young, H. K., and Zimmie, T. F.(1996). “Effects of freezing and thawing on the hydraulic conductivity of paper mill sludges used as landfill covers.” Can. Geotech. J., 33(5), 783–792.
Moo-Young, H. K., and Zimmie, T. F.(1998). “Closure to ‘Geotechnical properties of paper mill sludges for use in landfill covers’, by H. K. Moo-Young and T. F. Zimmie.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(10), 1043.
Moudilou, E., Bellotto, M., Defosse, C., Serclerat, I., Billif, P., and Touray, J. C.(2002). “A dynamic leaching method for the assessment of trace metals released from hydraulic binders.” Waste Manage., 22, 153–157.
Mrouch, U., Eskola, P., and Laine-Ylijoki, J.(2001). “Life-cycle impacts of the use of industrial by-products in road and earth construction.” Waste Manage., 21, 271–277.
Mudd, G. M., and Kodikara, J.(2000). “Field studies of the leachability of aged brown coal.” J. Hazard. Mat., 2459, 1–34.
Nabeshima, Y., and Matsui, T. (2002). “Reuse of molten slag as ground improvement materials.” Proc., 6th Int. Symp. on Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development, Seoul, Korea, 503–507.
Nakamura, S.(1999). “An interindustry approach to analyzing economic and environmental effects of recycling of waste.” Ecologic. Econ., 28, 133–145.
Nystrom, H. E., Kehr, W. R., and Pollock, J.(2001). “Impediments to refractory recycling decision-making.” Resources, Conservation Recycling, 31, 317–326.
OF. (1999). “Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfilling of waste.” Official Journal of the European Communities. L 182/1-19, July 16.
Park, J. Y., and Batchelor, B.(2002). “A multi-component numerical leach model coupled with a general chemical speciation code.” Water Res., 36, 156–166.
Poon, C. S., Chen, Z. Q., and Wai, O.(1999). “A flow-through leaching model for monolithic chemically stabilized/solidified hazardous waste.” J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 49, 569–575.
Poon, C. S., and Lio, K. W.(1997). “The limitation of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure for evaluating cement-based stabilized/solidified waste forms.” Waste Manage., 17(1), 15–23.
Proctor, D. M., Fehling, K. A., Shay, E. C., Wittenborn, J. L., Green, J. J., Avent, C., Bigham, R. D., Connolly, M., Lee, B., Shepker, T. O., and Zak, M. A.(2000). “Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace steel industry slags.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1579–1582.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Lopez-Soler, A., Plana, F., Andres, J. M., Juan, R., Ferrer, P., and Ruiz, C. R.(1997). “A fast method for recycling fly ash: microwave-assisted zeolite synthesis.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2527–2533.
Read, A. D.(1999). “Making waste work: making U.K. national solid waste strategy work at the local scale.” Resources, Conservation Recycling, 26, 259–285.
Sandeling, K., and Backmand, R.(2001). “Trace elements in two pulverized coal-fired power stations.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 826–834.
Schreurs, J. P. G. M., van der Sloot, H. A., and Hendricks, Ch.(2000). “Verification of laboratory-field leaching behavior of coal fly ash and MSW/bottom ash as a road base material.” Waste Manage., 20, 193–201.
Seik, F. T.(1997). “Recycling of domestic waste: early experiences in Singapore.” Habitat Int., 21(3), 277–289.
Stidger, R. W. (2002). “Longer commutes, heavier congestion.” Better Roads, September, 15.
Taha, R. A., Inyang, H. I., and Saylak, D.(1992). “The use of flue gas desulfurization gypsum in embankment construction.” Int. J. Environ. Issues Minerals Energy Industry, 1(2), 79–82.
Testa, S. M., Patton, D. L., and Conca, J. L. (1992). “The use of environmentally processed asphalt as a contaminated soils remediation method.” Hydrocarbon contaminated soils and groundwater, Kostecki and Calabrese, eds., Lewis, Chelsea, Mich.
Tossavainen, M., and Forssberg, E.(1999). “The potential leachability from natural road construction materials.” Sci. Total Environ., 239, 31–47.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1989a). “Requirements for hazardous waste landfill design, construction and closure.” Seminar Publication EPA/625/4-89/022, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1989b). “Stabilization/solidification of CERCLA and RCRA wastes: physical tests, chemical testing procedures, technology screening and field activities.” Technology Transfer Document EPA/625/6-89/022, Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2002). “Municipal solid waste in the United States: 2000 facts and figures.” EPA 530-S-02-001, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
Van Berkel, R., and Lafleur, M.(1997). “Application of an industrial ecology toolbox for the introduction of industrial ecology in enterprises—11.” J. Cleaner Prod., 5(1-2), 11–25.
van der Sloot, H. A. (1988). “Leaching procedures for waste materials and waste products.” Hazardous wastes: Detection, control and treatment, R. Abbou, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 637–649.
van der Sloot, H. A., Hoede, D., Cresswell, D. J. F., and Barton, J. R.(2001a). “Leaching behavior of synthetic aggregates.” Waste Manage., 21, 221–228.
van der Sloot, H. A., Kosson, D. S., and Hjelmar, O.(2001b). “Characteristics, treatment and utilization of residues from municipal waste incineration.” Waste Manage., 21, 753–765.
Villalba, G., Segarra, M., Fernandez, A. I., Chimenos, J. M., and Espiell, F.(2002). “A proposal for quantifying the recyclability of materials.” Resources, Conservation Recycling, 37, 39–53.
Wahlstrom, M.(1996). “Nordic recommendation for leaching tests for granular waste materials.” Sci. Total Environ., 178, 95–102.
Wahlstrom, M., Laine-Ylijoki, J., Maattanen, A., Luotojarvi, T., and Kivekas, L.(2000). “Environmental quality assurance system for use of crushed mineral demolition wastes in road construction.” Waste Manage., 20, 225–232.
Wakeman, T. H., and Themelis, N. J.(2001). “A basin-wide approach to dredged material management in New York/New Jersey Harbor.” J. Hazard. Mat., 85, 1–13.
Wang, Y., Ren, D., and Zhao, F.(1999). “Comparative leaching experiments for trace elements in raw coal, laboratory ash, fly ash and bottom ash.” Int. J. Coal Geol., 40, 103–108.
Webster, M. T., and Loehr, R. C.(1996). “Long-term leaching of metals from concrete products.” J. Environ. Eng., 122(8), 714–721.
Wei, M.-S., and Huang, K.-H.(2002). “Recycling and reuse of industrial wastes in Taiwan.” Waste Manage., 21, 93–97.
Wu, J. S., Allan, C. J., Saunders, W. L., and Evett, J. B.(1998). “Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff.” J. Environ. Eng., 124(7), 584–592.
Yukselen, M. A., and Alpaslan, B.(2001). “Leaching of metals from soil contaminated by mining activities.” J. Hazard. Mat., B87, 289–300.
Ziemkiewicz, P. F., and Skousen, J.(2000). “Use of coal combustion products for reclamation.” Greenlands, 36–47.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 129 • Issue 10 • October 2003
Pages: 887 - 898
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 18, 2003
Accepted: Apr 18, 2003
Published online: Sep 15, 2003
Published in print: Oct 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.