General Chemical Equilibrium Model for Stabilized/Solidified Wastes
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 7
Abstract
Chemical equilibrium models have an important role in predicting the behavior of stabilized/solidified (s/s) wastes for risk assessment. Such a model has been developed for wastes treated by conventional solidification/stabilization and it is named SOLTEQ-B. This model is an improvement over a previous version (SOLTEQ) in terms of speed and reliability of convergence. The improvement is due primarily to use of a different method of describing the equilibrium characteristics of calcium silicate hydrate, which is the primary product of cement hydration. SOLTEQ-B was evaluated using experimental data from a series of batch equilibrium tests of pure s/s binder and s/s binder/waste mixtures. SOLTEQ-B accurately predicted pH during neutralization by or nitric acid and also accurately predicted concentrations of the primary components of cement (Ca, Si, Al, and
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Allison, J. D., Brown, D. S., and Novo-Gradac, K. J. (1991). “MINTEQ2/PRODEFA2—a geochemical assessment model for environmental systems, version 3.0.” Rep. No. EPA/600/3-91/021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Ga.
Batchelor, B.(1997). “A framework for risk assessment of disposal of wastes treated by solidification/stabilization.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 14(1), 3–13.
Batchelor, B., and Wu, K. (1993). “Effects of equilibrium chemistry on leaching of contaminants from stabilized/solidified wastes.” Chemistry and microstructure of solidified waste forms, R. D. Spence, ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla., 243–259.
Berner, U. R.(1992). “Evolution of pore water chemistry during degradation of cement in a radioactive waste repository environment.” Waste Manage., 12, 201–219.
Environment Canada and Alberta Environmental Center. (1986). Test methods for solidified waste characterization, acid neutralization capacity (ANC), method #7, Edmonton, Alta., Canada.
Flint, E. P., and Wells, L. S.(1934). “Study of the system at 30°C and of the reaction of water on the anhydrous calcium silicates.” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 12, 751–783.
Greenberg, S. A., and Chang, T. N.(1965). “Investigation of the hydrated calcium silicates. II. Solubility relationships in the calcium-silica-water system at 25°C.” J. Phys. Chem., 69, 182–188.
Holmes, T. T., and Bricka, R. M. (1988). “Short-term laboratory test methods for evaluating solidified/stabilized waste material: A cooperative program.” Rep. No. DA 930146-01-01, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
Jones, L. W., and Malone, P. G. (1986). Handbook for stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Kim, I., and Batchelor, B.(2001). “Empirical partitioning leach model for solidified/stabilized wastes.” J. Environ. Eng., 127(3), 188–195.
Kovalick, W. W.(1992). “Trends in innovative treatment technologies at contaminated sites.” Water Sci. Technol., 26(1/2), 99–106.
Merritt, S. D. (1996). “Immobilization of uranium and nickel in sludges treated by solidification and stabilization.” PhD thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
Park, J.-Y. (1994). “The application of a chemical equilibrium model, SOLTEQ, to predict the chemical speciations in stabilized/solidified waste forms.” MS thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
Park, J.-Y. (1998). “Leach models for risk-based characterization of stabilized/solidified wastes.” PhD thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
Park, J.-Y., and Batchelor, B.(1999a). “Prediction of chemical speciation in stabilized/solidified waste using a general chemical equilibrium model. I. Chemical representation of cementitious binders.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(3), 361–368.
Park, J.-Y., and Batchelor, B.(1999b). “Prediction of chemical speciation in stabilized/solidified waste using a general chemical equilibrium model. II. Doped waste contaminants in cement porewaters.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(1), 99–105.
Park, J.-Y., and Batchelor, B.(2001). “A multi-component numerical leach model coupled with a general chemical speciation code.” Water Res., 36(1), 156–166.
Pitzer, K. S. (1979). “Theory: ion interaction approach.” Activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions, R. M. Pytkowicz, ed., CRC, Boca Raton, Fla., 157–208.
Ramabhadran, S. (1996). “Solidification/stabilization of simulated uranium and nickel contaminated sludges.” MS thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
Reardon, E. J.(1990). “An ion interaction model for determining ion equilibria in cement/water systems.” Cem. Concr. Res.,20(2), 175–192.
Reardon, E. J., and Dewaele, P.(1990). “Chemical model for the carbonation of a grout/water slurry.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73(6), 1681–1690.
Trussell, S. A. (1994). “A study of immobilization of four heavy metals by solidification/stabilization with Portland cement.” MS thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
USEPA. (1992). “Test methods for evaluating solid wastes, physical/chemical methods.” SW-846, Office of Solid Wastes, Washington, D.C.
USEPA. (1993). “Technical resource document. Solidification/stabilization and its application to waste materials.” Rep. No. EPA/530/R-93/012, Cincinnati.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 29, 2000
Accepted: Oct 26, 2001
Published online: Jun 14, 2002
Published in print: Jul 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.