Surface Characteristics of Sorptive-Filtration Storm Water Media. I: Low-Density (ρs < 1.0) Oxide-Coated Buoyant Media
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 10
Abstract
Control strategies for storm water that combine unit operations and processes can offer distinct advantages for many in situ applications in the built environment. Examples include a variety of control strategies that utilize engineered buoyant media to provide filtration and adsorption for heavy metals transported by storm water. With the goal of producing such media, methods were developed to coat iron and manganese oxide onto the surface of common polymeric media. Surface characteristics of coating media were determined by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated that oxide coatings ranged from 20 to 200 μm in depth, and surface areas were increased from 0.05 m2/g for uncoated spherical polymeric media to 27 m2/g for the same media after oxide coating. All manganese oxide coated media generated a net negative surface charge in the typical storm water pH range of 6–8. Media specific gravity (ρs) remained less than 0.93 even with oxide coatings. A multiple-layer oxide coating provided surface characteristics that enhance filtration and adsorption of heavy metals using coated buoyant polymeric spherical media in storm water treatment systems such as sorptive buoyant media clarifiers.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Armstrong, L. J. ( 1994). “Contribution of heavy metal to storm water from automotive disc brake pad wear.”Rep. Prepared for Santa Clara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Oakland, Calif.
2.
ASTM. ( 1994). “Standard test method for specific gravity of soil solids by gas pycnometer.” ASTM D5550-94, West Conshohocken, Pa.
3.
Ball, D., Hamilton, R., and Harrison, R. ( 1991). “The influence of highway-related pollutants on environmental quality.” Highway pollution, Elsevier, New York, 1–47.
4.
Burns, R. G., and Burns, V. M. ( 1977). “Mechanism for nucleation and growth of manganese nodules.” Nature, London, 225, 130–131.
5.
Carlson, K. H., and Knocke, W. R. (1999). “Modeling manganese oxidation with KMnO4 for drinking water treatment.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 125(10), 892–896.
6.
Carter, D. L., Mortland, M. M., and Kemper, W. D. ( 1986). “Specific surface.” Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd Ed., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
7.
Coston, J. A., Fuller, C. C., and Davis, J. A. ( 1995). “Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by a nature aluminum-bearing and iron-bearing surface coating on an aquifer sand.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59(17), 3535–3543.
8.
Coffey, B. M., Gallagher, D. L., and Knocke, W. R. (1993). “Modeling soluble manganese removal by oxide-coated filter media.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 119(4), 679–694.
9.
Dong, D., Nelson, Y. M., Lion, L. W., Shuler, M. L., and Ghiorse, W. C. ( 2000). “Adsorption of Pb and Cd onto metal oxides and organic material in natural surface coatings as determined by selective coatings as determined by selective extractions: New evidence for the importance of Mn and Fe oxide.” Water Res., 34(2), 427–436.
10.
Edward, H. S. ( 1996). “Uptake of heavy metals in batch systems by a recycled iron-bearing material.” Water Res., 30(10), 2424–2434.
11.
Fitzpatrick, E. A. ( 1980). Soils: their formation, classification and distribution, Longman, London.
12.
Goldstein, J. I., et al. ( 1992). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis—a text for biologists, materials scientists, and geologists, 2nd Ed., Plenum, New York.
13.
Joshi, A., and Chaudhuri, M. (1996). “Removal of arsenic from ground water by iron oxide-coated sand.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 122(8), 769–771.
14.
Jiban, K. S., and Chaudhuri, M. ( 1995). “Treatment of cadmium-plating and chromium-plating wastes by iron oxide-coated sand.” Water Envir. Res., 67(5), 788–796.
15.
Jenne, E. A. ( 1968). “Controls on Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn concentrations in soils and water: the significant role of hydrous Mn and Fe oxides.” Trace inorganics in water, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
16.
Khaodhiar, S., Azizian, M. F., Osathaphan, K., and Nelson, P. E. ( 2000). “Copper, chromium, and arsenic adsorption and equilibrium modeling in an iron-oxide-coated sand, background electrolyte system.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 119, 105–120.
17.
Krauskopf, K. B. ( 1956). “Factors controlling the concentration of thirteen rare metals in seawater.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 9, 1–8.
18.
Knocke, W. R., and Hamon, J. R. ( 1988). “Soluble manganese removal on oxide-coated filter media.” J. AWWA, 80(12), 65–70.
19.
Knocke, W. R., Occiano, S. C., and Hungate, R. ( 1991). “Removal of soluble manganese by oxide-coated filter media: sorption rate and removal mechanism issues.” J. AWWA, 83(8), 64–69.
20.
Lai, C. H., Lo, S. L., and Lin, C. F. ( 1994). “Evaluating an iron-coated sand for removing copper from water.” Water Sci. Technol., 30(9), 175–182.
21.
Lygren, E., Gjessing, E., and Berglind, L. ( 1984). “Pollution transport from a highway.” Sci. of the Total Envir., 33, 147–159.
22.
McKenzie, R. M. ( 1971). “The synthesis of birnessite, cryptomelane, and some other oxide and hydroxides of manganese.” Mineralogical Magazine, 38, 493–502.
23.
McKenzie, R. M. ( 1981). “The surface charge on manganese dioxides.” Aust. J. Soil Res., 19, 41–48.
24.
McKenzie, R. M. ( 1989). “Manganese oxides and hydroxides.” Minerals in soil environments, 2nd Ed., J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed, eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
25.
Meng, X., and Letterman, R. D. ( 1996). “Modeling cadmium and sulfate adsorption by Fe(OH)3/SiO2 mixed oxides.” Water Res., 30(9), 2148–2154.
26.
Merkle, P. B., Knocke, W. R., and Gallagher, D. L. (1997a). “Method for coating filter media with synthetic manganese oxide.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(7), 642–649.
27.
Merkle, P. B., Knocke, W. R., Gallagher, D. L., and Little, J. C. (1997b). “Dynamic model for soluble Mn2+ removal by oxide-coated filter media.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(7), 650–658.
28.
Merkle, P. B., Knocke, W. R., Gallagher, D. L., Junta-Rosso, J., and Solberg, T. N. ( 1996). “Characterizing filter media mineral coatings.” J. AWWA, 88(12), 62–73.
29.
Mihelcic, J. R., and Luthy, R. G. ( 1986). “Adsorption of lead and zinc on blast-furnace iron-oxide solids.” J. Water Pollution Control Fed., 58(3), 242–249.
30.
Muschack, W. ( 1990). “Pollution of street run-off by traffic and local conditions.” Sci. of the Total Envir., 93, 419–431.
31.
Potter, R. M., and Rossman, G. R. ( 1979). “The tetravalent manganese oxides: identification, hydration, and structural relationships by infrared spectroscopy.” Am. Mineralogist, 64, 1199–1218.
32.
Ran, J. N., and Gschwend, P. M. ( 1994). “Effect of solution chemistry on clay collide release from an iron oxide-coated aquifer sand.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 28(9), 1717–1787.
33.
Randall, S. R., Sherman, D. M., and Regnarsdottir, K. V. ( 1998). “An extended X-ray absorption fin structure spectroscopy investigation of cadmium sorption on cryptomelane (KMn8O16).” Chem. Geology, 151, 95–106.
34.
Revitt, D. M., Hamilton, R. S., and Warren, R. S. ( 1990). “The transport of heavy metals within a small urban catchment.” Sci. of the Total Envir., 93, 359–373.
35.
Robert, M., and Terce, M. ( 1989). “Effect of gel and coatings on clay mineral chemical properties.” Inorganic contaminants in the vadose zone, B. Bar-Yosel, N. J. Barrow, and J. Goldsmith, eds., Springer, Berlin, 57–71.
36.
Sansalone, J. J. ( 1999). “Adsorptive-infiltration of metals in urban drainage—media characteristics.” Sci. of the Total Envir., 235, 179–188.
37.
Sansalone, J. J., and Buchberger, S. G. (1997). “Partitioning and first flush of metals in urban roadway storm water.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(2), 134–143.
38.
Sansalone, J.J., Koran, J. M., Smithson, J. A., and Buchberger, S. G. (1998). “Physical characteristics of urban roadway solids transported during rain event.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 124(5), 427–440.
39.
Schwertmann, U., and Cornell, R. M. ( 1991). Iron oxide in the laboratory—preparation and characterization, VCH Publishers, New York.
40.
Schwertmann, U., and Taylor, R. M. ( 1989). “Iron oxides.” Minerals in soil environments, 2nd Ed., J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed, eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis.
41.
Stenkamp, V. S., and Benjamin, M. M. ( 1994). “Effect of iron-oxide coating on sand filtration.” J. AWWA, 86(8), 37–50.
42.
Theis, T. L., Iyer, R., and Ellis, S. K. ( 1992). “Evaluating a new granular iron-oxide for removing lead from drinking-water.” J. AWWA, 84(7), 101–105.
43.
Tsadilas, C. D., Dimoyiannis, D., and Samaras, V. ( 1998). “Boron sorption by manganese oxide-coated sand.” Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 29(15), 16–25.
44.
Van Raij, B., and Peech, M. ( 1972). “Electrochemical properties of some oxisols and alfisols of the tropics.” Soil Sci. Sci. Am. Proc., 36, 587–593.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 127 • Issue 10 • October 2001
Pages: 868 - 878
History
Received: Sep 27, 2000
Published online: Oct 1, 2001
Published in print: Oct 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.