Molecular Ozone and Radical Pathways of Bromate Formation during Ozonation
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 124, Issue 5
Abstract
An understanding of bromate formation mechanisms is critical for minimization and control of bromate formation during ozonation. Bromate formation observed in different natural source waters in the presence of a hydroxyl radical scavenger indicated that bromate formed predominantly through the free radical pathway. Carbonate radicals formed in the presence of alkalinity act as secondary oxidants of bromine species leading to enhanced bromate formation. The effects of adding hydrogen peroxide and ammonia during ozonation were also evaluated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Amy, G., Siddiqui, M., Ozekin, K., and Westerhoff, P. (1993). “Threshold levels for bromate formation in drinking water.”Workshop on and Water Treatment, Int. Water Supply Assn., Paris, France, 169–179.
2.
Bader, H., and Hoigne, J.(1981). “Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method.”Water Res., 15, 449–456.
3.
Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., and Ross, A. B.(1988). “Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atom and hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions.”J. Phys. Ref. Data, 17, 513–520.
4.
Glaze, W. H., Weinberg, H., and Cavanagh, J.(1993). “Evaluating the formation of brominated DBPs during ozonation,”J. AWWA, 85(1), 96–103.
5.
Haag, W. R., and Hoigne, J.(1983). “Ozonation of bromide containing waters: kinetics of formation of hypobromous acid and bromate.”Envir. Sci. and Technol., 17(5), 261–267.
6.
Hoigne, J., and Bader, H.(1985). “Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water. III: inorganic compounds and radicals.”Water Res., 19(8), 993–1004.
7.
Krasner, S. W., Glaze, W., Weinberg, H., Daniel, P., and Najm, I.(1993). “Formation and control of bromate during ozonation of waters containing bromide ion.”J. AWWA, 85(1), 73–81.
8.
Kurokawa, Y., Hagashi, Y., Maekawa, Y., Takahashi, M., and Kokubo, T.(1982). “Induction of renal cell tumors in F-344 rats by oral administration of potassium bromate, a food additive.”Gann, 73, 335.
9.
Langlais, B., Reckhow, D. A., and Brink, D. R. (1991). Ozone in water treatment: applications and engineering. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Mich.
10.
“National primary drinking water regulations: disinfectants and disinfection by-products proposed rule.” (1994). Federal Register. USEPA, 59, 145.
11.
Ozekin, K. (1994). “Modeling bromate formation during ozonation and assessing its control,” PhD thesis, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder.
12.
Rice, R., and Dimitriou, M. A. (1997). “Ozone matures U.S. drinking water treatment: impacts of 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.”IOA/PAG Annu. Conf. Proc., International Ozone Association, (IOA), Stamford, Conn., 1–20.
13.
Siddiqui, M. S., and Amy, G. L.(1993). “Factors affecting DBP formation during ozone bromide reactions.”J. AWWA, 85(1), 63–72.
14.
Song, R. (1996). “Ozone-bromide-NOM interactions in water treatment.” PhD thesis, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill.
15.
Staehelin, J., and Hoigne, J. (1985) “Decomposition of ozone in water in the presence of organic solutes acting as promoters and inhibitors of radical chain reactions.”Envir. Sci. and Technol., 19, 1206–1213.
16.
Standard Methods. (1992). 18th Ed. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
17.
von Gunten, U., and Hoigne, J.(1994). “Bromate formation during ozonation of bromide containing waters: interactions of ozone and hydroxyl radical reactions.”Envir. Sci. and Technol., 28(7), 1234–1242.
18.
Westerhoff, P., Ozekin, K., Siddiqui, M., and Amy, G. L. (1994). “Kinetic modeling of bromate formation in ozonated waters: molecular ozone versus HO radical pathways.”AWWA Annu. Conf. Proc., American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo., 901–920.
19.
Westerhoff, P., Amy, G. L., Song, R., and Minear, R. (1996). “Evaluation of bromate formation and ozone decomposition kinetics.” Disinfection by-products in water treatment: the chemistry of their formation and control. R. A. Minear and G. L. Amy, eds., American Chemical Society (ACS), Washington, DC, 255.
20.
Yates, R. S., and Stenstrom, M. K. (1993). “Bromate production in ozone contactors.”AWWA Annu. Conf. Proc., American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo., 475–499.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 124 • Issue 5 • May 1998
Pages: 456 - 462
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: May 1, 1998
Published in print: May 1998
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.