KBES for Process Control of Nitrification in Activated Sludge Process
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 1
Abstract
Knowledge‐based system technology has recently been introduced in activated sludge plant operations. A knowledge‐based expert system (KBES) called ASPX (Activated Sludge Process Expert) is developed for nitrification process control of a specific petroleum refinery activated sludge plant. This knowledge‐based system has been created to diagnose and correct problems with the nitrification process using rule‐based knowledge (heuristics), statistics, and a predictive mathematical model. The knowledge base consists of rules for each of six process control parameters. For each parameter the process control strategy is executed by the knowledge compiled in logic trees. Database functions such as data entry, statistical evaluation, and the simulation model for effluent ammonia concentration are also included. A user‐friendly interface enables operators who are not familiar with computers to use all of the program functions with little or no difficulty. The goal of the program is to provide an inexperienced operator with the same problem solving capability as that of a senior operator with extensive practical experience.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Activated sludge: manual of practice No. OM‐9. (1987). Water Pollution Control Federation, Alexandria, Va.
2.
Alty, J. L., and Coombs, M. J. (1984). Expert systems: concepts and examples. NCC Publications, Manchester, England.
3.
Anthonisen, A. C., Loehr, R. C., Prakasam, T. B. S., and Srinath, E. G. (1976). “Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 48(5), 835–852.
4.
Antoniou, P., Hamilton, J., Koopman, B., Jain, R., Holloway, B., Lyberatos, G., and Svoronos, S. A. (1990). “Effect of temperature and pH on the effective maximum specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria.” Water Res., 24(1), 97–101.
5.
Argaman, Y., and Brenner, A. (1986). “Single‐sludge nitrogen removal: modeling and experimental results.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 58(8), 853–860.
6.
Barnwell, T. O. Jr., Brown, L. C., and Marek, W. (1986). Development of a prototype expert advisor for the enhanced stream water quality model QUAL2E. Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Athens, Ga.
7.
Beck, M. B., Latten, A., and Tong, R. M. (1978). Modeling and operational control of the activated sludge process in wastewater treatment. Int. Inst. for Appl. Systems Analysis. Laxenburg, Austria.
8.
Berthouex, P. M., Lai, W., and Darjatmoko, A. (1989). “Statistics‐based approach to wastewater treatment plant operations.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 115(3), 650–671.
9.
Chan, W. T., and Koe, L. C. C. (1991). “A knowledge‐based framework for the diagnosis of sludge bulking in the activated sludge process.” Proc., 15th Biennial Conf. of the Int. Assoc. Water Pollution Res. and Control; Water Sci. Tech., P. Grau, ed., Pergamon Press, London, England, 23, 847–855.
10.
Charley, R. C., Hooper, D. G., and McLee, A. G. (1980). “Nitrification kinetics in activated sludge at various temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations.” Water Res., 14(10), 1387–1396.
11.
Design of municipal wastewater treatment plants; manual of practice No. 8. (1992). ASCE, New York, N.Y.
12.
Downing, A. L., Painter, H. A., and Knowles, G. (1964). “Nitrification in the activated sludge process.” J. Inst. Sewage Purif., 2, 130–158.
13.
Dynamic modeling and expert systems in wastewater engineering. (1989). G. G. Patry and D. Chapman, eds., Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Mich.
14.
Edmunds, R. A. (1988). The Prentice Hall guide to expert systems. Prentice‐Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
15.
Gall, R. A., and Patry, G. G. (1988). Knowledge‐based systems in wastewater engineering. McMaster File No. 5‐52618, DSS Project: KE405‐7‐6012/01‐SE, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
16.
Gee, C. S., Suidan, M. T., and Pfeffer, J. T. (1990). “Modeling of nitrification under substrate‐inhibiting conditions.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 116(1), 18–31.
17.
Geselbracht, J. J., Brill, E. D. Jr., and Pfeffer, J. T. (1988). “Rule‐based model of design judgment about sludge bulking.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 114(1), 54–73.
18.
Haldane, J. B. S. (1965). Enzymes. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
19.
Hanaki, K., Wantawin, C., and Ohgaki, S. (1990). “Nitrification at low levels of dissolved oxygen with and without organic loading in a suspended‐growth reactor.” Water Res., 24(3), 297–302.
20.
Horan, N. J., and Eccles, C. R. (1986). “The potential for expert systems in the operation and control of activated sludge plants.” Process Biochemistry PRBCAP, 21(3), 81–85.
21.
James, M. L., Smith, G. M., and Wolford, J. C. (1985). Applied numerical methods for digital computation, 3rd Ed., Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, N.Y.
22.
Jenkins, W. O., and Jowitt, P. W. (1987). “Expert systems in river basin management.” Civ. Engrg. Systems, 4, 31–38.
23.
Johnston, D. M. (1985). “Diagnosis of wastewater treatment process.” Proc., Specialty Conf., Computer Applications in Water Resour., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 601–610.
24.
Loveless, J. E., and Painter, H. A. (1968). “The influence of metal ion concentration and pH value on the growth of a Nitrosomonas strain isolated from activated sludge.” J. General Microbiol., 52, 1–14.
25.
Maeda, K. (1985). “An intelligent decision support system for activated sludge wastewater treatment process.” Advances in Waste Pollution Control: Symp. Instrumentation and Control of Water and Wastewater Treatment and Transp. Systems, IAWPRC, R. A. R. Drake, ed., Pergamon Press, London, England, 629–632.
26.
Mikroudis, G. K., Fang, H. Y., and Wilson, J. L. (1986). “Development of GEOTOX expert system for assessment of hazardous waste sites.” 1st Int. Symp. on Envir. Geotechnol., Leigh University, Leigh, Pa.
27.
Nutrient control; manual of practice No. FD‐7; facilities design. (1983). Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C.
28.
Ozgur, N. H. (1991). “Development of a knowledge‐based expert system for process control of nitrification in the activated sludge process,” PhD dissertation, University of California, at Los Angeles, Calif.
29.
Painter, H. A., and Loveless, J. E. (1983). “Effect of temperature and pH value on the growth‐rate constants of nitrifying bacteria in the activated‐sludge process.” Water Res., 17(3), 237–248.
30.
Pedersen, K. (1989). Expert systems programming: practical techniques for rule‐based systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
31.
Poduska, R. A. (1973). “A dynamic model of nitrification for the activated sludge process,” PhD dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.
32.
Poduska, R. A., and Andrews, J. F. (1975). “Dynamics of nitrification in the activated sludge process.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 47(11), 2599–2619.
33.
Process design manual for nitrogen control; EPA/625/1‐75‐007, PB‐259 149. (1975). Office of Technology Transfer, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
34.
Randall, C. W., and Buth, D. (1984). “Nitrite buildup in activated sludge resulting from temperature effects.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 56(9), 1039–1044.
35.
Reboh, R., Reiter, J., and Gaschnig, J. (1982). Development of a knowledge‐based interface to a hydrological simulation program. SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif.
36.
Rossman, L. A., and Siller, T. J. (1987). “Expert systems in environmental engineering.” Expert systems for civil engineers: technology and application. M. L. Maher, ed., ASCE, New York, N.Y.
37.
Rossman, L. A. (1989). “A hybrid knowledge‐based/algorithmic approach to the design of waste treatment systems.” Proc., 6th Conf. on Computing in Civ. Engrg.: Computers in Engrg. Practice, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 162–169.
38.
Rozich, A. F., and Castens, D. J. (1986). “Inhibition kinetics of nitrification in continuous‐flow reactors.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 58(3), 220–226.
39.
Spiegel, M. R. (1961). Statistics. McGraw‐Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
40.
Stenstrom, M. K., and Poduska, R. A. (1980). “The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on nitrification.” Water Res., 14(6), 643–649.
41.
Stenstrom, M. K., and Song, S. S. (1991). “Effects of oxygen transport limitation on nitrification in the activated sludge process.” Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 63(3), 208–219.
42.
Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, reuse. (1991). 3rd Ed., McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
43.
Wild, H. E. Jr., Sawyer, C. N., and McMahon, T. C. (1971). “Factors affecting nitrification kinetics.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 43(9), 1845–1854.
44.
Winkler, R. L. (1972). An introduction to Bayesian inference and decision. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 120 • Issue 1 • January 1994
Pages: 87 - 107
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 23, 1991
Published online: Jan 1, 1994
Published in print: Jan 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.