Design Procedures for Effluent Discharge to Estuaries during Ebb Tide
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 118, Issue 3
Abstract
A design method is presented for a wastewater disposal scheme suitable for coastal communities in both developed and developing countries. The disposal technique exploits the natural flushing mechanisms of estuaries to pump effluent out of the estuary and away from the coast. By placing the outfall within an estuary near the mouth and timing the waste discharge to coincide with the ebbing tide, two advantages ensue: (1) Upstream transport is avoided; and (2) the chance of effluent being re‐entrained at the entrance is minimized. Where there are sensitive environmental targets between the outfall and entrance, Monte Carlo simulation of the transport dispersion processes within the channel is used to predict the distribution of pollutant concentration and, hence, the standard of treatment required. Timing of the discharge cycle is determined by consideration of the dynamics of the ebb and flood flow patterns at the channel entrance. The method is applied to a case study being considered for New South Wales, Australia.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
'Brunswick area wastewater augmentation, Brunswick area wastewater treatment strategy study.” (1988). Engineering Div. Rep. No. Li 140, Public Works Department, New South Wales, Lismore, Australia.
2.
Carstens, T., McClimans, T. A., and Nilsen, J. H. (1984). “Satellite imagery of boundary currents.” Remote sensing of shelf sea hydrodynamics, J. C. J. Nihoul, ed., Elsevier Oceanography Series, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 38, 235–256.
3.
Chao, S.‐Y. (1987). “Wind driven motion near inner shelf front.” J. Geophys. Res., 94(C4), 3849–3860.
4.
Csanady, G. T. (1973). Turbulent diffusion in the environment. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland.
5.
Delvigne, G. A. L. (1980). “Round buoyant jet with three‐dimensional trajectory in ambient flow.” P.N. 228, Waterloopkundig Laboratorium, Delft Hydraulics Lab., Delft, The Netherlands.
6.
“Design criteria for ocean discharge.” Environmental Design Guide WP‐1, State Pollution Control Commission, New South Wales, Australia.
7.
Ditmars, J. D. (1969). “Computer program for round buoyant jets.” Tech Memo. 69‐1, W. M. Keck Lab., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., March 1969.
8.
Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
9.
“FORTRAN library manual mark II.” (1984). Numerical Algorithms Group, Oxford, U.K.
10.
Gameson, A. L. H., ed. (1975). “Discharge of sewage from sea outfalls.” Proc. Int. Symp. London, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.
11.
Greentree, G. S., Jacobs, R. B., Nalty, C. R., Webb, A. T., and Cathers, B. A. (1987). “Port Macquarie sewerage augmentation, Lake Road treatment works effluent outfalls investigation.” Report No. 478, Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Public Works Department, Manly Vale, Australia.
12.
Lee, J. H. W., and Cheung, V. (1990a). Discussion of “Marine outfall design—computer models for initial dilution in a current,” by J. J. Sharp and E. Moore, Proc. Inst. Civ. Engrs., 88(1), 481–486.
13.
Lee, J. H. W., and Cheung, V. (1990b). “Generalized Lagrangian model for buoyancy jets in current.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 116(6), 1085–1106.
14.
Muellenhoff, W. P., Soldate, A. M., Baumgartner, D. J., Scheildt, M. D., Davis, L. R., and Frick, W. E. (1985). “Initial mixing characteristics of municipal ocean discharges.” EPA‐600/3‐85‐073a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
15.
Onishi, S., and Baba, K. (1987). “Study of hydraulic behaviour of river effluent at Coriolis force dominating field by remote sensing.” J. Hydrosci. Hydr. Engrg., 5(1), 39–48.
16.
Özsoy, E. (1977). “Flow and mass transport in the vicinity of tidal inlets.” Tech. Rep. No. TR‐036, Coastal and Oceanographic Lab., University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
17.
Sharp, J. J., and Vyas, B. D. (1977). “The buoyant wall jet.” Proc. Inst. Civil Engrs., (77), 593–611.
18.
Sobey, R. J., Johnston, A. J., and Keane, R. D. (1988). “Horizontal round buoyant jet in shallow water.” J. Hydr. Engrg., 114(8), 910–929.
19.
Sterregaard, B. (1975). “The relevance of initial dispersion.” Discharge of sewage from ocean outfalls, A. L. H. Gameson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., 285–295.
20.
Taylor, R. B., and Dean, R. G. (1974). “Exchange characteristics of tidal inlets.” Proc. 14th Int. Coastal Engrg. Conf., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 2268–2289.
21.
Tomlinson, R. B. (1986). “Periodic starting flows.” Res. Rep. No. 168, Water Research Lab., University of New South Wales, Manly Vale, Australia.
22.
Tomlinson, R. B., and Webb, A. T. (1987). “Brunswick Heads outfall investigation.” Report 460, New South Wales Public Works Department, Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Manly Vale, Australia.
23.
Tomlinson, R. B., Peirson, W. L., and Webb, A. T. (1987). “Sussex Inlet‐Farnham Headland outfall investigation.” Report MHL 524, New South Wales Public Works Department, Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Manly Vale, Australia.
24.
Tomlinson, R. B. (1990). “Flow and mass transport offshore from tidal inlets.” Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Modelling Transport and Dispersion, IAHR, ASCE, New York, N.Y.
25.
Tyrell, T., Allsop, D., and Webb, A. T. (1988). “First point diffuser performance verification.” Report No. MHL526, Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Public Works Department, Manly Vale, Australia.
26.
Webb, A. T. (1987). “Ocean outfalls—a simulation design approach.” Inst. Eng. Australian Conf. Hydraulics in Civil Engineering, Institution of Civil Engineers, Melbourne, Australia, 56–60.
27.
Webb, A. T. (1988). “Field verification of ocean outfall performance.” Int. Conf. Ocean Outfalls, New Zealand Water Pollution Research and Control, Wellington Regional Council, Wellington, New Zealand.
28.
Webb, A. T., and Nalty, C. R. (1988). “Norah Head outfall commissioning initial dilution field trial.” Report MHL554, Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Public Works Department, Manly Vale, Australia.
29.
Webb, A. T., Cox, D., and Tate, P. (1988). “Sydney deepwater outfalls, environmental monitoring programme pilot study, volume 7—beach component.” Report MHL541, Water Board, Manly Vale, Australia.
30.
Wilkinson, D. L. (1978). “Periodic flows from tidal inlets.” Proc. 16th Coastal Eng. Conf., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 1336–1346.
31.
Wilkinson, D. L., Tomlinson, R. B., Willoughby, M. A., and Foster, D. N. (1979). “Gold Coast sewerage outfall study. Vol. 1: Characteristics of the tidal jet at the nerang entrance.” Tech. Rep. No. 79/5, University of New South Wales, Water Research Lab., Manly Vale, Australia.
32.
Williams, R. (1987). “Water quality in the Brunswick River.” Northern Rivers Study No. 6, State Pollution Control Commission, Sydney, Australia.
33.
Wood, I. R., and Webby, G. (1980). “The effects of boundaries near turbulent plumes and jets.” Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Stratified Flows, IAHR, 128–137.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1992 ASCE.
History
Published online: May 1, 1992
Published in print: May 1992
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.