Vegetated Submerged Beds with Artificial Substrates. II: N and P Removal
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 117, Issue 4
Abstract
Settled wastewater was batch fed into 22‐L microcosms containing monocultures of the emergent aquatic plants, Sagittaria latifolia, Scirpus pungens, Phragmites australis, and Typha latifolia. Plants were cultured in 1.25 cm gravel and 2.5 and 5.0 cm plastic trickling filter media with specific surface areas of 394, 279, and respectively. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal rates [i.e., grams removed per meter square per day] were compared at three target hydraulic loading rates (HLR): 4.7, 9.4, and 18.8 cm/day. N removal increased linearly for all plants over an N loading range of with percent N removal greater than 75% for Typha and Sagittaria. Nitrogen removal rate was independent of the specific surface area of the substrate. Vegetated pots removed more N than the nonvegetated pots at the higher N loading rates. Phosphorus removal rate increased in proportion to P loading over the range of At the HLR of 18.8 cm/day, Typha, Sagittaria, and nonvegetated systems removed more than Scirpus and Phragmites
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ariyawathie, G. W., Suzuki, T., and Kurihara, Y. (1987). “Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD from wastewater using sand filtration system with Phragmites australis.” Water Res., 10, 1217–1224.
2.
Armstrong, W. (1964). “Oxygen diffusion from the roots of some British bog plants.” Nature, 204, 801–802.
3.
Armstrong, J., and Armstrong, W. (1988). “Phragmites australis—A preliminary study of soil oxidizing sites and internal air transport pathways.” New Phytol., 108, 373–382.
4.
Brenmer, J. M., and Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). “Nitrogen‐total.” Methods of soil analysis II. Chemical and microbiological properties, A. L. Page, ed., American Society of Agronomy, Inc., 595–622.
5.
Burgoon, P. S. (1989). “Wastewater treatment in vegetated submerged beds with artificial substrates,” thesis presented to the Department of Environmental Engineering Science, University of Florida, at Gainesville, Fla., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering.
6.
Burgoon, P. S., Debusk, T. A., Reddy, K. R., and Koopman, B. (1991). “Vegetated submerged beds with artificial substrates. I: BOD removal.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 117(4), 394–407.
7.
Dacey, J. W. H. (1980). “Internal winds in the water lilies: An adaptation to life in anaerobic sediments.” Science, 210, 1017–1019.
8.
DeBusk, T. A., Langston, M. A., Burgoon, P. S., and Reddy, K. R. (1990). “A performance comparison of vegetated submerged beds and floating macrophytes for domestic wastewater treatment.” Constructed wetlands in water pollution control, P. F. Cooper and B. C. Findlayer, eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 301–308.
9.
Energy efficiency in water and wastewater treatment plants. (1981). Georgia Institute of Engineering Experiment Station (GIT), Atlanta, Ga.
10.
Finlayson, M. C., and Chick, A. L. (1983). “Testing the potential of aquatic plants to treat abattoir effluent.” Water Res., 17, 415–422.
11.
Gersberg, R. M., Elkins, B. V., and Goldman, C. R. (1983). “Nitrogen removal in artificial wetlands.” Water Res., 17, 1009–1014.
12.
Gersberg, R. M., Elkins, B. V., and Goldman, C. R. (1984). “Use of artificial wetlands to remove nitrogen from wastewater.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 56, 152–156.
13.
Gersberg, R. M., Elkins, B. V., Lyon, S. R., and Goldman, C. R. (1986). “Role of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by artificial wetlands.” Water Res., 20, 363–368.
14.
Green, M. S., and Etherington, J. R. (1977). “Oxidation of ferrous iron by rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots: A mechanism for water logging tolerance.” J. Exp. Bot., 28, 678–690.
15.
Grosse, W. (1988). “Thermo‐osmotic air transport in aquatic plants affecting growth activities and oxygen diffusion to wetland soils.” Constructed wetlands for waste‐water treatment: Municipal, industrial and agricultural, D. A. Hammer, ed., Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea, Mich.
16.
Khalid, R. A., Patrick, W. H., and Delaune, R. D. (1977). “Phosphorus sorption characteristics of flooded soil.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 41, 305–310.
17.
Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. (1983). Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio.
18.
Middlebrooks, E. J., Middlebrooks, C. H., and Reed, S. C. (1981). “Energy re‐quirements for small wastewater treatment systems.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 53(7).
19.
Nichols, D. S. (1983). “Capacity of natural wetlands to remove nutrients from waste‐water.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 55(5), 495–505.
20.
“Nutrient control.” (1983). Manual of practice No. FD‐7, Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C.
21.
Patrick, W. H., Mikkelson, D. S., and Wells, B. R. (1985). “Plant nutrient behavior in flooded soil.” Fertilizer technology and use, 3 Ed., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisc.
22.
Reddy, K. R., D'Angelo, E. M., and DeBusk, T. A. (1989). “Oxygen transport through aquatic macrophytes: The role in wastewater treatment.” J. Environ. Qual., 19(2), 261–267.
23.
Reddy, K. R., and Patrick, W. H. (1986). “Nitrogen transformations and loss in flooded soils and sediments.” CRC Crit. Rev. Envir. Control, 13, 273–309.
24.
Richardson, C. D., Tilton, D. L., Kadlec, J. A., Chamie, J. P. M., and Wertz, W. A. (1978). “Nutrient dynamics of northern wetland ecosystems.” Freshwater wetlands: Ecological processes and management potential, Good et al., eds., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 217–241.
25.
Richardson, C. J. (1985). “Mechanisms controlling phosphorus retention capacity in freshwater wetlands.” Science, 228(4076), 1424–1427.
26.
Spangler, K., Sloey, W., and Fetter, C. W. (1976). “Experimental use of emergent vegetation for the biological treatment of municipal wastewater in Wisconsin.” Biological control of water pollution, J. Tourbier and R. W. Pierson, eds., University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pa.
27.
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (1985). American Public Health Assoc. (APHA), Washington, D.C.
28.
Teal, J. M., and Kanwisher, J. M. (1966). “Gas transport in the marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora.” J. Exp. Bot., 17, 355–361.
29.
Wittgren, H.‐B., and Sundblad, K. (1987). “Wastewater treatment in a wetland filter—Effects of varying application frequency on nitrogen removal.” Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery, K. R. Reddy and W. H. Smith, eds., Magnolia Publishing Inc., Orlando, Fla., 513–523.
30.
Wolverton, B. C., McDonald, R. C., and Duffer, W. R. (1983). “Microorganisms and higher plants for wastewater treatment.” J. Envir. Qual., 12(2), 236–242.
31.
Young, D. F. (1989). “Electrical energy consumption at five small wastewater treatment plants in Florida,” thesis presented to the Department of Environmental Engineering Science, University of Florida, at Gainesville, Fla., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 ASCE.
History
Published online: Jul 1, 1991
Published in print: Jul 1991
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.