GAC Adsorber Design for Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 117, Issue 1
Abstract
The cost‐effective removal of alachlor and heptachlor from drinking water by GAC adsorption was investigated. Alachlor and heptachlor represent two classes of chlorinated pesticides: the acetanilides and the cyclodienes, respectively. Transformation of these pesticides prior to and upon adsorption is an important aspect concerning their fate. In aqueous solution, heptachlor undergoes complete hydrolysis to 1‐hydroxychlordene (1‐HC) with a half‐life of three days decreeing the use of 1‐HC in GAC investigation. The dispersed‐flow homogeneous‐surface diffusion model (DFHSDM) was used for predicting the dynamic behavior of the fixed‐bed adsorber for the target pollutants. Model parameters were obtained from bench‐scale equilibrium, rate, and mini‐column experiments. The model was able to successfully predict/simulate mini‐column data in both organic free water and humic acid background solution. Significant reduction in adsorber performance was experienced in the presence of humic acid due to competitive interaction. Fulle‐scale adsorbers were designed through up‐scaling procedures to estimate carbon utilization rates. Cost for removal of alachlor was $0,113/1,000 gal treated in a 10‐mgd plant with 5‐min EBCT, and 4 gpm/sq ft surface loading for an influent concentration of 100 μg/L and treatment objective of 2 μg/L. The cost was increased to $0.135/1,000 gal in the presence of humic acid. The cost for removal of 1‐HC was, in general, 30% higher than that for alachlor.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Adams, J. Q., and Clark, R. M. (1989). “Cost estimates for GAC treatment systems.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(1), 35–41.
2.
Adams, J. Q., Clark, R. M., and Miltner, R. J. (1989). “Controlling organics: A cost performance analysis.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(4), 132–140.
3.
The agrochemicals handbook. Royal Soc. of Chem., Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
4.
Brooks, G. T. (1974). Chlorinated insecticides. Vol. 1. Technology and Application. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
5.
Callahan, M. A., Slimak, A. W., Gabel, N. W., May, I. P., and Fowler, C. F. (1979). “Water related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants,” EPA‐44/4‐79‐029a, b, vols. 1 and 2, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
6.
Calligaris, M. B., and Tien, C. (1982). “Species grouping in multicomponent adsorption calculations.” Can. J. Chem. Engrg., 60(12), 772–780.
7.
Carter, C. W., and Suffet, I. H. (1982). “Binding of DDT to dissolved humic materials.” Envir. Sci. Tech., 16(11), 735–740.
8.
Crittenden, J. C., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (1978a). “Predictive model for design of fixed‐bed adsorbers: Parameter estimation and model development.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(2), 185–197.
9.
Crittenden, J. C., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (1978b). “Predictive model for design of fixed‐bed adsorbers: Single‐component model verification.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(3), 433–443.
10.
Crittenden, J. C., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (1978c). “A model for design of multicomponent adsorption systems.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(6), 1175–1195.
11.
Crittenden, J. C., Berrigan, J. K., and Hand, D. W. (1986). “Design of rapid small‐scale adsorption tests for a constant diffusivity.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 58(4), 312–319.
12.
Crittenden, J. C., Berrigan, J. K., Hand, D. W., and Lykins, B. (1987). “Design of rapid fixed‐bed adsorption tests for nonconstant diffusivities.” J. Envir. Engrg., 113(2), 243–259.
13.
Crittenden, J. C., Luft, P., Hand, D. W., Oravitz, J. L., Loper, S. W., and Ari, M. (1985a). “Prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria using ideal adsorbed solution theory.” Envir. Sci. Tech., 19(11), 1037–1043.
14.
Crittenden, J. C., Luft, P., and Hand, D. W. (1985b). “Prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria in background mixtures of unknown composition.” Water Res., 19(12), 1537–1548.
15.
Davidow, B., and Radomski, J. L. (1953). “Isolation of an epoxide metabolite from fat tissues of dogs fed alachlor.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 107(3), 259–265.
16.
Endicott, D. D., and Weber, W. J., Jr., (1985). “Lumped parameter modeling of multicomponent adsorption in the treatment of coal‐conversion wastewater by GAC.” Envir. Prog., 4(2), 105–111.
17.
Fettig, J., and Sontheimer, H. (1987). “Kinetics of adsorption of activated carbon: I. Single solute systems.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 113(4), 764–779.
18.
Frick, B. R., and Sontheimer, H. (1983). “Adsorption equilibria in multisolute mixtures of known and unknown composition.” Treatment of water by granular activated carbon, M. J. McGuire and I. H. Suffet, eds., Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 202, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., 247–268.
19.
Hand, D. W., Crittenden, J. C., and Thacker, W. E. (1983). “User‐oriented batch reactor solution to the homogeneous surface diffusion model.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 109(1), 82–101.
20.
Jayaraj, J., and Tien, C. (1985). “Characterization of adsorption affinity of unknown substances in aqueous solutions.” Ind. Engrg. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 24(4), 1230–1239.
21.
Kage, H., and Tien, C. (1987). “Further development of the adsorption affinity characterization procedures for aqueous solutions with unknown compositions.” Ind. Engrg. Chem. Res., 26(2), 284–292.
22.
Karickhoff, S. W. (1984). “Organic pollutant sorption in aquatic systems.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 110(6), 707–735.
23.
Lu, P. Y., Metcalf, R. L., Hirwe, A. S., and Williams, J. W. (1975). “Evaluation of environmental distribution and fate of hexachlorocyclopentadiene, chlordene, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide in a laboratory model ecosystem.” J. Agric. Food Chem., 23(5), 967–973.
24.
Martin, H. (1978). “Low Peclet number particle‐to‐fluid heat and mass transfer in packed beds.” Chem. Engrg. Sci., 33(7), 913–919.
25.
Means, J. C., Wood, S. G., Hassett, J. J., and Banwart, W. L. (1982). “Sorption of amino‐ and carboxy‐substituted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by sediments and soils.” Envir. Sci. Tech., 16(2), 93–98.
26.
Miltner, R. J., Baker, D. B., Speth, T. F., and Fronk, C. A. (1989). “Treatment of seasonal pesticides in surface waters.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(1), 43–52.
27.
Newsome, W. H., Collins, P., and Lewis, D. (1986). “Determination of residues of alachlor and its metabolite in corn, soybeans, and potatoes as heptafluorobutyryl‐2,6‐diethylaniline.” J. Assoc. of Official Anal. Chemists, 69(4), 591–593.
28.
Pirbazari, M., Ravindran, V., Wong, S. P., and Stevens, M. R. (1989). “Adsorption of micropollutants on activated carbon.” Humic substances: Fate and transport of organic pollutants (ACS Symp. Ser., Vol. 219), I. H. Suffet and P. MacCarthy, eds., Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., 549–578.
29.
“Safe Drinking Water Act 1986 Amendments.” (1986). EPA‐570/9‐86‐002, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
30.
Smith, E. H., Tseng, S. K., and Weber, W. J., Jr., (1987). “Modeling the adsorption of target compounds by GAC in the presence of background dissolved organic matter.” Envir. Prog., 6(1), 18–25.
31.
Smith, E. H., and Weber, W. J., Jr., (1989). “Evaluation of mass transfer parameters for adsorption of organic compounds from complex matrices.” Envir. Sci. Tech., 23(6), 713–722.
32.
Suntio, L. R., Shiu, W. Y., McKay, D., Seiber, J. N., and Glotfelty, D. (1988). “Critical review on Henry's law constants for pesticides.” Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, G. W. Wan, ed., Springer‐Verlag, New York, N.Y., Vol. 103, 1–59.
33.
Ware, G. W. (1988). “Alachlor.” Reviews on environmental contamination and toxicology, Springer‐Verlag, New York, N.Y., Vol. 104, 9–22.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 117 • Issue 1 • January 1991
Pages: 80 - 100
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 ASCE.
History
Published online: Jan 1, 1991
Published in print: Jan 1991
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.